PSYCHO-SOCIAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENT IN ELEMENTRAY CLASSROOMS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT

Teaching learning process, being complex, social, dynamic andinteractive in its nature, is prone to be affected by the psycho-sociallearning environment present in the classrooms. This study wasconducted to explore the prevailing psycho-social learning environmentand its relationship with students’ academic achievement at elementarylevel in District Attock. The population consisted of all the elementaryteachers of Mathematics for 7th Graders of public schools in all six subdistricts of District Attock. Three sub districts (Jund, Hassan Abdal, andPindi Gheb) were selected through cluster sampling technique. Twohundred and twelve mathematics elementary teachers were included inthe sample. For observation, purposive sample was further delimited to25% of the sample of the study. Thus, classrooms of 53 teachers wereobserved. An observation sheet based on three scales of ‘What IsHappening in the Class?’(WIHIC) questionnaire was used for datacollection, while academic achievement of 7th graders was assessedthrough the marks of quarterly exams. Collected data were analyzedthrough SPSS by mean score while Pearson “r” was used to find therelationship between psychosocial environment and academicachievement and standardized regression weights “β” was also appliedto find the effect of psychosocial environment on academic achievement.The findings revealed that most of the elementary classrooms werepsychosocially desirable and were found to be Task oriented andCooperative while Involvement was also found significant at elementarylevel. Positive and significant relationship between psychosociallearning environment and academic achievement was also found

An Analysis on Increasingly Global Manifestation of Education: A Study of Views of Faculty and Scholars of HEIS of Pakistan

Globalization has created the need for global citizens that have a keen awareness of the political, economic, social, and environmental concerns of our time (Bonk 2009). Rapid advancements in technology have made for profound paradigm shifts in almost every arena especially in education. The notion of global citizenship can took place as a result of both global education and the globalization of education in developing an international curriculum standard (Spring 2009). Purposes of this study were: (i). to investigate the demands of education as a business in response to globalization. (ii). to highlight the role of civil society and international organizations in the expansion of global education. (iii). to find the role of global pedagogy and curriculum in the globalization of education and global citizenship. The study was delimited to Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad. Population of the study was consisting of teachers and students.05 teachers of department of teacher education and 50 students of PhD were taken as a sample. The mixed method approach was used for this study. A questionnaire was used as research tool for the both population. Collected data were analyzed through SPSS by running frequencies, mean score, percentage and standard deviation. The main findings of the study revealed that global education through a business perspective, both for-profit and not-for-profit affects at the individual, local community, national government, and international organization level.  With the help of new technologies, we see increased interaction between these realms, fostering new partnerships, initiatives, and standards. The clear advantage to involve organizations is that learners can experience new and better types of communication and interaction. The role of global pedagogy and curriculum is largely accepted goal for global education to help students develop an understanding of the interdependence. It was recommended that schools and institutions of higher education should work to provide students with increasingly global perspectives while teaching those highly desirable 21st century skills. Keywords: Globalization, global education, expansion, pedagog

Learning Styles and Employee Creative Behavior; An Exploration Through Cognitive Styles

Cognitive styles are the thinking patterns that greatly influence our day to day activities. People may adopt specific learning styles to the way they want to act. Creativity is an important aspect and a great requirement of now a day’s organization because competition is so enhanced that it is an important aspectto be a part of market. So there is a need to explore what types of learning styles and cognitive styles will help the employees to be creative. The key variables of this study were Cognitive styles (CS), Learning styles (LS) and Employee Creativity (EC). The main purpose was to study cognitive styles as a moderator in relationship of learning styles and employee creativity; and to explore these variables further. Descriptive research design was used and data was collected from 450 employees in different sectors(public and private) through convenient sampling from banks, insurance and telecommunication sectors of Multan. Participants responded to cognitive style inventory (CS; Ancona, Kochan, Scully, Van Maanen, and Westney, 1997), Learning Style Questionnaire (LS; O Brein 1985), and Employee Creativity Questionnaire (EC; Tierney et al. in 1999)in order to study the target variables. Descriptive statistics and reliability of scales was calculated. One way ANOVA, t-test was calculated by using SPSS. To check moderation, Partial least square structural Equation modeling (smart PLS) were used. Cognitive styles had significant moderating effect on learning styles and employee creativity. Limitations and suggestions are discussed

Comparison of haemoglobin level between high altitude people and low altitude people

Background: Hemoglobin is the iron holding and oxygen carrying protein found inside the red blood cells. Studies have been done on Hb level variations in gender, race and region but no comparative study on different altitude effects in Pakistan is reported. Comparison of Hemoglobin level between people living at high altitude and low altitude was done in this study. Samples from district Skardu Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan were used as high-altitude samples and samples from district Lahore, Pakistan were utilized as low altitude samples. Samples were obtained from those people who don’t have any haemoglobinopathies.Methods:  50 blood samples were collected for this study; 25 individuals were from low altitude level and 25 of high-altitude level. Estimation of hemoglobin concentration was done by Cyanmethemoglobin method to compare the individuals HB from low altitude with high altitude.Results: All the blood samples were properly analyzed, and the results extracted from the samples, living at low altitude were compared with those living at high altitude. Mean and standard deviation values were calculated, and they found to be different for both populations, people at high altitude and the people living at low altitude. 25 residents of high altitude showed following results of hemoglobin: mean=15.0 and SD=0.632. On the other hand, 25 individuals of low altitude revealed these results: mean=14.53 and SD=0.633.Conclusion: There was a significant difference in Hb level in blood at high altitude (7500 feet) and low altitude (711 feet from sea level) P=0.004.  Keywords: Hemoglobin, Standard Deviatio

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial

SummaryBackground Azithromycin has been proposed as a treatment for COVID-19 on the basis of its immunomodulatoryactions. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19.Methods In this randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19Therapy [RECOVERY]), several possible treatments were compared with usual care in patients admitted to hospitalwith COVID-19 in the UK. The trial is underway at 176 hospitals in the UK. Eligible and consenting patients wererandomly allocated to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus azithromycin 500 mg once perday by mouth or intravenously for 10 days or until discharge (or allocation to one of the other RECOVERY treatmentgroups). Patients were assigned via web-based simple (unstratified) randomisation with allocation concealment andwere twice as likely to be randomly assigned to usual care than to any of the active treatment groups. Participants andlocal study staff were not masked to the allocated treatment, but all others involved in the trial were masked to theoutcome data during the trial. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality, assessed in the intention-to-treatpopulation. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, 50189673, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04381936.Findings Between April 7 and Nov 27, 2020, of 16 442 patients enrolled in the RECOVERY trial, 9433 (57%) wereeligible and 7763 were included in the assessment of azithromycin. The mean age of these study participants was65·3 years (SD 15·7) and approximately a third were women (2944 [38%] of 7763). 2582 patients were randomlyallocated to receive azithromycin and 5181 patients were randomly allocated to usual care alone. Overall,561 (22%) patients allocated to azithromycin and 1162 (22%) patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days(rate ratio 0·97, 95% CI 0·87–1·07; p=0·50). No significant difference was seen in duration of hospital stay (median10 days [IQR 5 to >28] vs 11 days [5 to >28]) or the proportion of patients discharged from hospital alive within 28 days(rate ratio 1·04, 95% CI 0·98–1·10; p=0·19). Among those not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, nosignificant difference was seen in the proportion meeting the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilationor death (risk ratio 0·95, 95% CI 0·87–1·03; p=0·24).Interpretation In patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, azithromycin did not improve survival or otherprespecified clinical outcomes. Azithromycin use in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 should be restrictedto patients in whom there is a clear antimicrobial indication

ڈپٹی نذیر احمد کا ایک کمیاب اور نظر انداز شدہ ناول-ایامیٰ (تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ)

Deputy Nazir Ahmad is one of the leading and most important novelists of Urdu .His work has many folds and its critical appreciation can lead the reader to the understanding of the muslim society of his time,and no doubt his time was the most important period of social change. Ayama is Nazir's best but most ignored novel.This article deals with a critical appreciation and research of the novel, rediscovering its importance. In short this novel proves that Nazir Ahmad was a social critic far more than a mere pre-planned reformer.</p

مقالہ نگاری: بنیادی مباحث

Reserach work and specially thesis writing has partcular rules and regulations. This article reflects upon some fundamental and necessary steps of thesis writing in systematical way and it covers every step of thesis writing in detail.</p

اردو صحافت 1857 کے تناظر میں

Urdu Journalism has maintained a course of more than two hundred years inSub continent, and has been a revolutionary medium for fighting for rights of public ingeneral and for Muslims in particular. It has gone through various phases since thebeginning. This article deals with the analysis of British Acts of censorship on Pressand also with the role the Urdu Press played especially during the war ofIndependence.</p