فرانز کافکا کے فکشن میں وجودیت

Philosophy of existentialism is related to individual life, which is lived independently with all consciousness, awareness, internal states, personal emotions, and feelings. Due to the French Revolution, the First and Second World Wars, industrial development, cultural changes, and religious and spiritual decline, existential elements found their way into poetry and fiction. Franz Kafka's fictional literature describes the internal and external problems and confusions of an individual,which are caused by the chaos, disarray, atheism, decline of tradition and values, weak social, political, and economic structures. His stories contain existential elements such as dreamlike and nightmare atmosphere, absurdity, fear, terror, anxiety, anguish, death, meaninglessness, loneliness, alienation, skepticism, identity crisis, crime, inadequacy, strength, and hope. An atmosphere of unknown fear and anxiety pervades Franz Kafka's creative world. His characters are forever lost in endless mazes, driven by a rival force

فانی بدایونی کے استفہامیہ انداز میں حزنیہ عناصر

Fani Badayuni bestowed Gloom Poetry with depth and vastness in the disguise of his interrogative style. He elaborated his inward and outward sorrows and established traditions of “Reflections and Work” in a communicative manner. In the Affirmative interrogation, Negative interrogation and imperative interrogation Badayuni elaborated in his “Ghazal”the melancholic elements with the narration of the philosophies of Nothingness, Gloom, Life and Death, Predestination and Freewill, Downfall, Youthfulness, Fragility of Vitality and Existence, Pains of love, Worries of subsistence, Separation and Yearning, Acceptance of sorrows and Bow down before the Fate. Moreover, Badayuni uses the terms like the final resting abode, cemetery and the grave, coffin, the burial rituals the Day of the Judgment, very frequently in his poetry and he attains the recognition as a “Poet of Gloom and Melancholy”

یونس جاوید کے افسانوی کردار: داخلی کرب، نفسیاتی کشمکش اور سماجی تلخیوں کا امتزاج

Yunus Javed is a very influential figure in Urdu drama, novel, and short story writing. His four collections of short stories were published in Urdu at different times. Although he started writing fiction at a time when symbolism and abstract fiction were famous in Urdu, but he chose the path of narrative fiction and presented social realism and psychological conflict in his short stories. This article presents an analytical study of his fictional characters. Yunus Javed's fictional characters are bitter narratives of internal anguish, psychological conflict, and social resentment, but one of their characteristics is that they are all humanists and believe in the philosophy of respect for humanity. His characters also have the quality of breaking the status quo and they are also seen trying to open the layers of social, political, and historical consciousness

ماحولیاتی علامتیت اور ثقافتی اظہاریہ: اردو افسانوں میں دیہی سماجی بیانیہ

This interdisciplinary study investigates how ecosemiotics and cultural expressivity shape rural social narratives in Urdu short stories. By employing a semiotic framework, the research analyzes key signifiers—natural landscapes, agricultural practices, folk rituals, and vernacular symbolism—to reveal how ecological signs articulate communal values, social structures, and environmental awareness. Drawing on ecocriticism, cultural theory, and narrative analysis, the study conducts close readings of selected texts by prominent Urdu writers, including Prem Chand, Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi, and Mansha Yaad. The methodology combines semiotic analysis with theoretical synthesis to contextualize rural narratives within broader socio-environmental frameworks. Examination of their depiction of village life showcases a dynamic interplay between human communities and natural environments, where symbolic representations foster cultural resilience and sustainable paradigms. The findings demonstrate that rural social narratives in Urdu fiction not only preserve traditional ecological knowledge but also engage contemporary environmental concerns, constructing narratives of resistance, adaptation, and stewardship. Ultimately, this research underscores the capacity of literary ecologies to inform interdisciplinary dialogues on sustainability and cultural identity, highlighting imaginative ecological praxis approaches

خندہ اور فراموشی کی کتاب :تخلیقی اصطلاح سازی اور بیانیے کا تغیر

The name of Milan Kundera needs no introduction. The experiences he has had in the narrative of the novel are unique to him.He avoids the traditional notion that a novel must have a specific theme. A single novel can cover a wide variety of topics.His novel "The Book of Laughter and Forgetting" consists of seven parts. Each part is a complete story in its own right and is closely related to the overall narrative of the novel.In this article, we have attempted to explore the narrative waves in Kundera's novel. In addition, we have examined the creativity of terminology and then its application to the lives of the characters.I have tried to explore the state of Czechoslovakia after the Russian occupation, as a novelist saw and felt it.In this article, I have not only analyzed each section but have also tried to discover all the meaningful gaps that exist in each section and highlight the meaning of the others.And I have tried to reach the conclusion that Kundera finds a way to happiness and smile even in the worst of situations. The characters repeatedly return to life in the worst of situations and try to live.To reach logical conclusions, I have also drawn on the writings of some well-known Western critics

ضیا الحسن کی شاعری کا اسلوبیاتی مطالعہ

This study presents a comprehensive stylistic analysis of Dr. Zia-ul-Hassan’s poetry, focusing particularly on his Ghazals and Nazms within the theoretical framework of modern Urdu Stylistics.The research examines how Dr. Zia-ul-Hassan constructs meaning through his distinctive linguistic choices, thematic patterns, metaphorical structures, sonic and rhythmic organization, and rhetorical devices. His poetry reflects a unique blend of classical tradition and modern sensibility, where the inherited forms of Ghazal and Nazm acquire new layers of meaning through innovative diction, symbolic depth, psychological nuance, and intellectual refinement

ڈاکٹر نجیبہ عارف کے ناول ”مکھوٹا“ کا نفسیاتی و سماجی مطالعہ

In Mukhota, Dr. Najeeba Arif highlights the fracturing layers of individual and collective identity within the rural and urban landscape of Punjab through a complex web of postmodern narration. Divided into three sections “Dhoop” (Sunlight), “Saaye” (Shadows), and “Teeragi” (Darkness) the novel presents Salima’s educational struggle and her pursuit of self-realization amid historical upheavals, class-bound constraints, and psychological dilemmas. Through the use of intertextuality, metafiction, and symbolic imagery, the narrative explores existential loss, the conflict between appearance and reality, and the effects of migration. Ultimately, Mukhota frames the “mask” as a personal and cultural metaphor, inviting the reader to reflect on the hidden costs of progress and the inner journey toward coherence

ن۔ م راشد کی شاعری پر عالمی ادب کے اثرات

Rashid's poetry is one of the most significant voices in modern Urdu Nazm, distinguished by its intellectual breadth, symbolic depth, and stylistic experimentation. His poetry reflects profound influences from world literature, particularly Western literary and philosophical movements such as Symbolism, Existentialism, Modernism, and Romanticism. These influences are evident in the themes, style, imagery, and intellectual perspective of his poems. Rashid not only assimilated certain trends of Western poetry into Urdu Nazm but also harmonized them with local experiences and cultural consciousness. This study analyzes these influences on Rashid's poetry, examining the impact of poets like T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Baudelaire, and others. The research highlights how Rashid’s poetry was shaped by global literary trends and how he introduced new possibilities to Urdu poetry

کشور ناہید: توانانسائی آواز

Kishwar Naheed is a prominent name in Urdu feminist poetry. She has also reflected social issues in her poems; however, her representative poems are those in which she has raised her voice for women's rights. Her pen is very sharp against the oppression and injustice faced by women. She raises her voice against the physical and mental violence faced by women through her poetry. She has a powerful voice for the psychological, political and social problems of women. She has described the lust, violence and exploitation of men in her poems. In this article, Kishwar Naheed's feminist poetry has been made a special topic and Kishwar Naheed's point of view has been explained by giving examples of poems in this regard

اُردو افسانے میں گھریلو ملازمہ کا کردار: سماجی مطالعہ

Domestic employee (maid) is a tragedy of the crushed, lower and trapped class, which is suffering from deprivation and disgusts who don't know the pleasures and blessings of life, who is suffering from the confusion and sarcasm of the society and is profligate by it. This article highlights various aspects of domestic employee's lives, hatred aggressive behaviour and sexual exploitation of society