فرانز کافکا کے فکشن میں وجودیت

Philosophy of existentialism is related to individual life, which is lived independently with all consciousness, awareness, internal states, personal emotions, and feelings. Due to the French Revolution, the First and Second World Wars, industrial development, cultural changes, and religious and spiritual decline, existential elements found their way into poetry and fiction. Franz Kafka's fictional literature describes the internal and external problems and confusions of an individual,which are caused by the chaos, disarray, atheism, decline of tradition and values, weak social, political, and economic structures. His stories contain existential elements such as dreamlike and nightmare atmosphere, absurdity, fear, terror, anxiety, anguish, death, meaninglessness, loneliness, alienation, skepticism, identity crisis, crime, inadequacy, strength, and hope. An atmosphere of unknown fear and anxiety pervades Franz Kafka's creative world. His characters are forever lost in endless mazes, driven by a rival force

یونس جاوید کے افسانوی کردار: داخلی کرب، نفسیاتی کشمکش اور سماجی تلخیوں کا امتزاج

oai:tahqeeqnama.gcu.edu.pk:article/6895d27669506Yunus Javed is a very influential figure in Urdu drama, novel, and short story writing. His four collections of short stories were published in Urdu at different times. Although he started writing fiction at a time when symbolism and abstract fiction were famous in Urdu, but he chose the path of narrative fiction and presented social realism and psychological conflict in his short stories. This article presents an analytical study of his fictional characters. Yunus Javed's fictional characters are bitter narratives of internal anguish, psychological conflict, and social resentment, but one of their characteristics is that they are all humanists and believe in the philosophy of respect for humanity. His characters also have the quality of breaking the status quo and they are also seen trying to open the layers of social, political, and historical consciousness

ماحولیاتی علامتیت اور ثقافتی اظہاریہ: اردو افسانوں میں دیہی سماجی بیانیہ

This interdisciplinary study investigates how ecosemiotics and cultural expressivity shape rural social narratives in Urdu short stories. By employing a semiotic framework, the research analyzes key signifiers—natural landscapes, agricultural practices, folk rituals, and vernacular symbolism—to reveal how ecological signs articulate communal values, social structures, and environmental awareness. Drawing on ecocriticism, cultural theory, and narrative analysis, the study conducts close readings of selected texts by prominent Urdu writers, including Prem Chand, Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi, and Mansha Yaad. The methodology combines semiotic analysis with theoretical synthesis to contextualize rural narratives within broader socio-environmental frameworks. Examination of their depiction of village life showcases a dynamic interplay between human communities and natural environments, where symbolic representations foster cultural resilience and sustainable paradigms. The findings demonstrate that rural social narratives in Urdu fiction not only preserve traditional ecological knowledge but also engage contemporary environmental concerns, constructing narratives of resistance, adaptation, and stewardship. Ultimately, this research underscores the capacity of literary ecologies to inform interdisciplinary dialogues on sustainability and cultural identity, highlighting imaginative ecological praxis approaches

خندہ اور فراموشی کی کتاب :تخلیقی اصطلاح سازی اور بیانیے کا تغیر

The name of Milan Kundera needs no introduction. The experiences he has had in the narrative of the novel are unique to him.He avoids the traditional notion that a novel must have a specific theme. A single novel can cover a wide variety of topics.His novel "The Book of Laughter and Forgetting" consists of seven parts. Each part is a complete story in its own right and is closely related to the overall narrative of the novel.In this article, we have attempted to explore the narrative waves in Kundera's novel. In addition, we have examined the creativity of terminology and then its application to the lives of the characters.I have tried to explore the state of Czechoslovakia after the Russian occupation, as a novelist saw and felt it.In this article, I have not only analyzed each section but have also tried to discover all the meaningful gaps that exist in each section and highlight the meaning of the others.And I have tried to reach the conclusion that Kundera finds a way to happiness and smile even in the worst of situations. The characters repeatedly return to life in the worst of situations and try to live.To reach logical conclusions, I have also drawn on the writings of some well-known Western critics

ن۔ م راشد کی شاعری پر عالمی ادب کے اثرات

Rashid's poetry is one of the most significant voices in modern Urdu Nazm, distinguished by its intellectual breadth, symbolic depth, and stylistic experimentation. His poetry reflects profound influences from world literature, particularly Western literary and philosophical movements such as Symbolism, Existentialism, Modernism, and Romanticism. These influences are evident in the themes, style, imagery, and intellectual perspective of his poems. Rashid not only assimilated certain trends of Western poetry into Urdu Nazm but also harmonized them with local experiences and cultural consciousness. This study analyzes these influences on Rashid's poetry, examining the impact of poets like T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Baudelaire, and others. The research highlights how Rashid’s poetry was shaped by global literary trends and how he introduced new possibilities to Urdu poetry

اُردو افسانے میں گھریلو ملازمہ کا کردار: سماجی مطالعہ

Domestic employee (maid) is a tragedy of the crushed, lower and trapped class, which is suffering from deprivation and disgusts who don't know the pleasures and blessings of life, who is suffering from the confusion and sarcasm of the society and is profligate by it. This article highlights various aspects of domestic employee's lives, hatred aggressive behaviour and sexual exploitation of society

لوح ِایام، ایران اور مختارمسعود

This paper critically explores Loh-e-Ayyam, the third book by renowned Urdu prose stylist and civil servant Mukhtar Masood, set during his diplomatic tenure in Iran amidst the Iranian Revolution. Unlike typical bureaucrats, Masood immersed himself in the socio-political upheaval of 1979, documenting not only the historical events but also the psychological and cultural transformations of Iranian society. The book blends memoir, reportage, and philosophical reflection, capturing the revolution through the eyes of a participant-observer who willingly leaves the comfort of his diplomatic privilege to witness and record history in the making. Masood’s prose demonstrates aesthetic sensitivity, historical consciousness, and bureaucratic realism. He draws parallels between individual integrity and collective transformation, often using metaphors from literature, art, and architecture to critique political events. His experiences during street protests, economic shortages, and moments of near-death are recounted with literary depth and human insight. The work also includes satirical and humorous commentary on political figures, from Iran’s Shah to Pakistan’s Yahya Khan, using irony to expose vanity and failure. The author’s attention to detail—whether in estimating protest crowd sizes or describing Persian calligraphy and culture—underscores his commitment to accuracy and appreciation of beauty. Loh-e-Ayyam transcends the genre of political memoir by offering a profound meditation on power, revolution, and personal responsibility. Dr. Zahid Munir Amir contextualizes this work as a unique Urdu narrative that bears witness to a world-changing moment while preserving the voice of a refined, patriotic, and self-aware civil servant

پریم چند کے ناولوں میں سیاسی مباحث

Literature is a black and white documentry of human life with all its attractions and repulsions. Politics has always been a prominent aspect and an inseparable part of human history. The impact of politics can be explored both explicitly and implicitly from the literary sphere. A literary figure cannot keep him self alienated and aloof from the politics of his age. Thus, literature mirrors the political concerns of its age. The article aims at tracing the relationship between literature and politics. Munshi Prem Chand was well acquanted with the politics of sub-continent. Indians had started the movement to liberate their colonised country at the end of 18th century. The literary pieces of Munshi Prem Chand expose the deprivations of politically oppressed segments of society. The novels portary the conflict between the landowners and the serfs, the industrialists and the workers. The article attempts to explore the political discussions prevalent in his novels like Gosha-e-Aafiat, Nirmila, Ghaban, Gowdan and Maydan-e-Amal

اقبال کا تصور وطنیت (بانگ درا کے حوالے سے)

“Bang- e -Dara” is Iqbal's first collection of Urdu poetry which was published in 1924.  This collection contains the early poetry of Iqbal, in which the element of patriotism is prominent in addition to the descriptions of nature, love and moralsubjects. Most of his poems are full of feelings of love for the country. The poems of “Bang- e -Dara”show Iqbal's patriotism.  The long poems of this collection are based on the natural scenes of the homeland and the glory of the subcontinent, through which Iqbal instilled the love of country in the hearts of the countrymen and he became equally popular among all the nations of the Subcontinent. Patriotism was very prominent in Iqbal's early poetry, but after his return from Europe, there was a significant change in his thoughts. In fact, Iqbal's concept of patriotism was completely different from the western concept of patriotism. The western concept of patriotism was based on color, race, language and geographical boundaries.  Therefore, Iqbal began to consider the western concept of patriotism as a threat to Islam and Muslims. In his later poetry, Iqbal strongly opposed the western concept of patriotism and urged Muslims to remain as one nation which he called “Millat e Islamia” (the Islamic Nation), and which is based on Religion not geographical boundaries

اردو صوتیے: ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Linguistics is the scientific study of language. All languages have under lying structure rules that makes meaning ful communication possible these rules findout the components of the structure of a language.Phonemes is in the five main componenets of language the smallest unit of sound that may causeto change the meaning of withina language but it is to mention that phenemes have no meanings in itself.Phonology aaas a branch of linguistics concerned with a systtematic orgnization of sounds that is traditionally focused largely on the study of systems of phonemes in a particular language. The studywill discuss phonemes, its patterns/rules for its identification .poetic examples will (mostly) use to clarify phonemes and its role in formation of a language a its smallest unit of speech distinguishing one word from another. Study is mostly based on selected webcites' research