FeMn with Phases of a Degradable Ag Alloy for Residue-Free and Adapted Bioresorbability

The development of bioresorbable materials for temporary implantation enables progress in medical technology. Iron (Fe)-based degradable materials are biocompatible and exhibit good mechanical properties, but their degradation rate is low. Aside from alloying with Manganese (Mn), the creation of phases with high electrochemical potential such as silver (Ag) phases to cause the anodic dissolution of FeMn is promising. However, to enable residue-free dissolution, the Ag needs to be modified. This concern is addressed, as FeMn modified with a degradable Ag-Calcium-Lanthanum (AgCaLa) alloy is investigated. The electrochemical properties and the degradation behavior are determined via a static immersion test. The local differences in electrochemical potential increase the degradation rate (low pH values), and the formation of gaps around the Ag phases (neutral pH values) demonstrates the benefit of the strategy. Nevertheless, the formation of corrosion-inhibiting layers avoids an increased degradation rate under a neutral pH value. The complete bioresorption of the material is possible since the phases of the degradable AgCaLa alloy dissolve after the FeMn matrix. Cell viability tests reveal biocompatibility, and the antibacterial activity of the degradation supernatant is observed. Thus, FeMn modified with degradable AgCaLa phases is promising as a bioresorbable material if corrosion-inhibiting layers can be diminished

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Analysis of the most common causes of viscera condemnation in pigs (liver, kidney, heart), in a slaughterhouse of Costa Rica, and its economical implication

This is an analysis of the causes and costs of rejection of viscera from the daily post-mortem meat inspection records from a slaughterhouse located in the Metro politan area of the Central Valley. The records examined date from 2007 to the first semester of 2009. They were analyzed taking into consideration the following factors: month, year, affected organ and cause. The economical losses were calcu lated taking into account the quantity of organs rejected and averaging the weight in kilograms and the price by kilogram. During the recorded period, 562 843 animals were slaughtered. Kidney was the main viscera rejected. Cysts caused 48.9 % of the rejections, 22.2 % was because of contamination and 10 % due to nephritis. Some causes of liver rejection were milk spots (48.8 %), contamination (28.9 %) and congestion (9.3 %). Hearts rejection was due to pericarditis (35.6 %), contamination (32.2 %) and adhesions (24.5 %). There was no statistical difference in the lesion report rate or number of organs rejected during the different months and years. The direct financial loss from the viscera rejection during this period was $254 048.1. It is necessary to continue the studies looking for minimizing the factors contributing to viscera condemnation, with the aim of using this informa tion as a diagnostic tool in preventive medicine.Se trata de un análisis de las causas y costes del rechazo de vísceras a partir de los registros diarios de registros de inspección de carne post-mortem de un matadero situado en el área metropolitana del Valle Central. Los registros examinados datan desde 2007 hasta el primer semestre de 2009. Se analizaron teniendo en cuenta los siguientes factores: mes, año, órgano afectado y causa. Las pérdidas económicas se calcularon tomando en cuenta la cantidad de órganos rechazados y promediando el peso en kilogramos y el precio por kilogramo. Durante el periodo registrado, se sacrificaron 562.843 animales fueron sacrificados. El riñón fue la principal víscera rechazada. Los quistes causaron 48,9nefritis. Algunas causas de rechazo del hígado fueron las manchas de leche (48,8 (28,9 contaminación (32,2 en la tasa de notificación de lesiones o en el número de órganos rechazados durante los distintos meses y años. La pérdida económica directa por el rechazo de vísceras durante este periodo fue de 254 048,1 dólares. Es necesario continuar los estudios buscando minimizar los factores que contribuyen al rechazo de vísceras, con el objetivo de utilizar esta información como herramienta de diagnóstico en medicina preventiva.Anhand von Aufzeichnungen der Fleischuntersuchung eines Schlachthofs in der Metropolregion „Central Valley“ in Costa Rica werden die Gründe ermittelt, die zur Verwerfung von Organen führen. Außerdem werden die daraus entstehenden Kosten kalkuliert. Es liegen Aufzeichnungen für einen Zeitraum von Anfang 2007 bis Mitte 2009 vor. Diese Aufzeichnungen werden unter folgenden Gesichts punkten analysiert: Datum, betroffenes Organ, Grund für den Verwurf. Die öko nomischen Verluste werden anhand der Menge der verworfenen Organe, deren geschätztem Gewicht in Kilogramm und dem aktuellen Kilopreis berechnet. Im Aufzeichnungszeitraum wurden 562 843 Tiere geschlachtet. Das am häufigsten betroffene Organ ist die Niere. Von den beanstandeten Nieren wurden 48.9 „Milk Spots“, in 28.9 Fälle eine Stauung des Organs zu einem Verwurf. Herzen wurden aufgrund von Perikarditiden (35.6 (24.5 wirtschaftliche Schaden für den Untersuchungszeitraum beläuft sich auf$254 048,1. Es ist notwendig weitere Untersuchungen vorzunehmen, um die dar aus folgenden Erkenntnisse als diagnostisches Instrument innerhalb präventiver Maßnahmen nutzen zu können und die Einflussfaktoren, die zur Verunreinigung von Organen führen, zu minimieren.Escuela de Medicina Veterinari

Análise das causas más freqüentes de condenações de vísceras em suínos, em um matadouro de Costa Rica e sua implicação econômica

Escuela de Medicina Veterinari

FeMn with Phases of a Degradable Ag Alloy for Residue-Free and Adapted Bioresorbability

The development of bioresorbable materials for temporary implantation enables progress in medical technology. Iron (Fe)-based degradable materials are biocompatible and exhibit good mechanical properties, but their degradation rate is low. Aside from alloying with Manganese (Mn), the creation of phases with high electrochemical potential such as silver (Ag) phases to cause the anodic dissolution of FeMn is promising. However, to enable residue-free dissolution, the Ag needs to be modified. This concern is addressed, as FeMn modified with a degradable Ag-Calcium-Lanthanum (AgCaLa) alloy is investigated. The electrochemical properties and the degradation behavior are determined via a static immersion test. The local differences in electrochemical potential increase the degradation rate (low pH values), and the formation of gaps around the Ag phases (neutral pH values) demonstrates the benefit of the strategy. Nevertheless, the formation of corrosion-inhibiting layers avoids an increased degradation rate under a neutral pH value. The complete bioresorption of the material is possible since the phases of the degradable AgCaLa alloy dissolve after the FeMn matrix. Cell viability tests reveal biocompatibility, and the antibacterial activity of the degradation supernatant is observed. Thus, FeMn modified with degradable AgCaLa phases is promising as a bioresorbable material if corrosion-inhibiting layers can be diminished

Käytännön kosteikkosuunnittelu

Maatalouden vesiensuojelua edistetään monin tavoin. Ravinteita ja eroosioainesta sisältäviä valumavesiä pyritään puhdistamaan erilaisissa kosteikoissa. Tämä opas on kirjoitettu avuksi pienimuotoisten kosteikkojen perustamiseen. Oppaassa esitetään käytännönläheisesti kosteikon toteuttamisen eri vaiheet paikan valinnasta suunnitteluun ja rakentamiseen. Vuonna 2010 julkaistun painoksen tiedot on saatettu ajantasalle. Julkaisu on toteutettu osana Tehoa maatalouden vesiensuojeluun (TEHO) -hanketta ja päivitetty TEHO Plus -hankkeen toimesta. Oppaan toivotaan lisäävän kiinnostusta kosteikkojen suunnitteluun ja edelleen niiden rakentamiseen