Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018

Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.Peer reviewe

Mesomorphic Behaviour of Lauric Acid in Dimethyl Sulphoxide

XRD, DSC and optical texture studies show that mixtures of lauric acid in dimethyl sulphoxide exhibit a lamellar mesophase

Dielectric relaxation and nematic potential of some nematogenic compounds

Component of epsilon(parallel to) of dielectric tensor has been studied in the nematic phase of three nematogenic compounds namely 6 OCB, 7 OCB and IPBOC. Using the relaxation data the nematic potential associated with the above molecules has been estimated based on Maier and Saupe mean field theory

Order parameter and distribution functions for nematogenic OBA and NBA

Using refractive index and density data for nematogenic compounds Octyl benzoic acid (OBA) and Nonyl benzoic acid (NBA), orientational order and hence distribution function has been determined. From this, the higher order parameter P-4] has been estimated for these two compounds. The physical interpretation of these parameters P-2] and P-4] has been given in terms of statistical quantities like variance and kurtosis

Optical-Properties of Spherulites of Cholesteryl-Do-Decyl Carbonate

We report here some very interesting optical textures exhibited by a pure cholesterogenic compound viz., Cholesteryl-do-decyl carbonate. It also exhibits ringed spherulitic texture when crystallized at different temperatures. The observed ring spacing is found to increase with the increase of crystallization temperature and we were also able to determine Avarami's constants by studying the growth rate of these spherulites. Light scattering and optical diffraction studies have been carried out using optical textures exhibited by the sample. The local order parameters corresponding to untwisted nematic structure in the cholesteric layer has been estimated at various temperatures in the cholesteric phase using the measured refractive index and density data

Debye-Wailer factor of lead nitrate

The X-ray Debye-Waller factors and Debye temperatures of lead nitrate single crystals taken in the powder form have been determined by measuring integrated intensities of selected Bragg reflections at different temperatures. The characteristic specific Debye temperature has been compared with the value obtained from elastic constant data

Crystal size and distortion parameter of natural pure mysore silk fibers (Bombyx Mori)

Crystal size and lattice distortion parameters were determined experimentally by recording X-ray diffraction patterns of natural silk fiber (pure Mysore silk, Bombyx Mori) using Fourier cosine coefficients of the intensity profile of an X-ray (210) reflection. Also, the crystal size distribution along 210] direction is given

Crystal structure of mesogenic material – 2-(4′-Undecoxy phenyl)-5-N-hexyl pyrimidine

The title compound, C27H42N2O, exhibits a highly ordered smectic phase in the range 43-61.5-degrees-C while heating and 61.5-37.5-degrees-C while cooling. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P n, with two antiparallel molecules comprising the asymmetric unit. The unit cell parameters are a = 7.195(3) angstrom, b = 8.976(3) angstrom, c = 39.861(11) angstrom, beta = 86.349(5), Z = 4; D(c) = 1.062 Mg . m-3; Cu Kalpha radiation; mu = 0.46 mm-1. The structure was solved by direct methods (MULTAN80) using 3229 observed reflections I > 2.5 sigma(I)] and refined by block-diagonal and full-matrix least-squares method to Rf = 0.076 (Rw = 0.075). The molecules with extended chains show layered packing

Optical studies of two smectic liquid crystals

The temperature variations of refractive index, density and order parameter of the compounds 2-4(4'-cyanophenyl)-5-n-heptyl-1,3-dioxane (PDX) and 4-n'-pentylcyclohexyl-(4-n-pentylcyclohexane)-1-carboxylate (OS) are reported in the smectic and isotropic phases. The principal molecular polarizabilities (alpha(e), alpha(o)) and the order parameters S have been evaluated using the anisotropic internal field model (Neugebauer's approach). The theoretical estimates of the mean and principal molecular polarizabilities using the modified Lippincott-delta-function potential model are in close agreement with the values evaluated from the experimental results