Trade as a Pathway to Peace: Multilateral Strategies for Stability in a Changing Global Order

This research article investigates the intricate nexus between international trade and peace building, positioning trade as a strategic instrument to mitigate conflict and foster global stability. Drawing from historical analysis, the study examines how trade has been leveraged as a pragmatic approach to peace, with particular emphasis on the evolving dynamics of US-China relations and their implications for global economic diplomacy. Central to the discourse is the revitalization of the World Trade Organization (WTO) through its Trade for Peace (T4P) initiatives, which seek to integrate fragile and conflict-affected states into the multilateral trading system as a pathway to reconstruction and peacebuilding. Employing qualitative and empirical evidence, this article analyzes the effectiveness of multilateral trade frameworks in reducing geopolitical tensions, enhancing dispute resolution mechanisms, and promoting economic interdependence. The findings reveal that while bilateral trade relations often face significant challenges, multilateral agreements under WTO auspices have demonstrated greater efficacy in sustaining peace and development in vulnerable regions. The article concludes by advocating for an interdisciplinary, cooperative approach to global trade policy that prioritizes peace as both a prerequisite and outcome of economic integration

Artificial intelligence and its impact on consumer behavior and marketing management

The evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) from algorithmic decision-making to the emergence of generative AI (GenAI) is the main subject of this article, which examines the substantial influence of AI on consumer behaviour. With a move from conventional predictive models to more modern generative models like transformers and diffusion models, it examines how AI’s predictive powers have affected consumer behaviour over the past 15 years. With AI-powered solutions enabling more efficient client segmentation, targeted marketing, and individualised customer service—all of which increase customer engagement and loyalty—the study emphasises the growing significance of AI in marketing. Nonetheless, issues like the absence of human engagement in AI-powered interactions and sporadic errors in AI forecasts are addressed. The study ends with a forward-looking assessment of AI’s potential, highlighting how it might transform marketing, alter consumer behaviour, and improve corporate brand management. With the help of this study, the paper suggests future topics of inquiry and highlights how companies must adjust to the quickly evolving AI-driven landscape in order to stay competitive

The Polymorphic Environmental Impact of the USSR and US Wars on Afghanistan: A Forgotten Prism of International Law

The wars in Afghanistan, first by the USSR (1979-1989) and later by the US (2001-2021), have left indelible marks on the country’s environment. These armed conflicts have resulted in widespread ecological damage, affecting land, water, and air quality. The US military’s largest base in Afghanistan, Bagram Airfield, and the destruction of the agrarian system serves as a case study for the environmental impact of military activities. This paper explores the multifaceted environmental impacts of the USSR and US-led Coalition Forces interventions in Afghanistan, and examines these impacts through the lens of international law. The analysis highlights the long-term ecological consequences, the legal frameworks governing wartime environmental protection, and the current gaps in international legal responses to environmental degradation caused by armed conflicts. Concepts of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and environmental treaties like the 1977 ENMOD Convention and Geneva Protocols have been discussed for their inadequacies and calling for substantial reforms for better protection of the environment during conflicts

How E-Commerce is Changing the Accounting Landscape

The rapid expansion of e-commerce has brought about a great deal of change in the accounting sector, posing both new opportunities and difficulties for accountants. This study looks at how cloud-based accounting, AI-driven analytics, and automated financial systems are transforming how businesses manage and keep an eye on their finances in the digital age. Due to the large number of smaller, more frequent transactions in e-commerce, effective solutions that minimize human error and allow for real-time financial tracking are now required. Businesses may now access the most recent financial data thanks to cloud-based solutions, and AI- powered technologies improve forecasting, data analysis, and strategic decision-makin

India-Russia Relations: Shared Visions and Strategic Concerns of Past, Present, and Future

The India-Russia relationship, established in 1947, has evolved into a robust strategic partnership encompassing defense, energy, technology, trade, and diplomacy. Despite challenges such as the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the bilateral ties between the two nations have remained resilient. This paper explores the historical milestones and evolving dynamics of their cooperation, with a focus on shared global security concerns, multilateral diplomacy, and mutual goals for regional stability, particularly in Central Asia and the Indo-Pacific. The analysis also delves into the challenges and opportunities arising from shifting global power dynamics, technological advancements, and economic collaboration. By examining the enduring strategic concerns of the past, present, and future, the paper underscores the continued significance of India-Russia relations in shaping the international order and their role in future global governanc

Technology Transfer in the Era of Military Conflict: Legal Challenges for International Trade and International Humanitarian Law

Objective: to identify the complex relations between international trade and military law in the context of technology transfer; to analyze the legal implications of technology transfers for international humanitarian law in order to clarify the impact of technology transfer in international trade on the warfare means regulation and identify legal gaps in existing international conventions. Methods: the study uses a comprehensive legal analysis of international documents, including the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, the Hague Conventions, and modern international agreements in the field of trade and technology. The authors used comparative legal method to study the national legislations of various states and a systematic approach to analyze the interaction of international humanitarian law and international trade law. Results: the study revealed significant legal gaps in regulating the transfer of dual-use technologies during wartime. It was established that modern technologies, including artificial intelligence, autonomous weapon

The role of CISG and UNIDROIT principles in shaping global trade

The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the UNIDROIT Principles have played a significant role in harmonizing international trade law, fostering fairness, predictability, and consistency in cross-border transactions. However, both frameworks have critical gaps that hinder their effectiveness. The CISG provides a unified structure for sales contracts but does not address essential issues like contract validity, consideration, or matters of fraud, undue influence, and misrepresentation, which are key to determining enforceability. These gaps cause legal uncertainties, especially when national legal systems conflict. Similarly, while the UNIDROIT Principles offer flexibility and neutrality, they lack clear enforcement guidelines, exacerbating the complexities of international trade. The absence of clear rules on contract fairness, particularly in cases of coercion or misrepresentation, remains a major limitation. This paper proposes the creation of a comprehensive global legal framework that addresses the formation and enforcement of contracts while protecting against fraud and undue influence. Furthermore, establishing a unified dispute resolution mechanism and encouraging collaboration between international organizations like the WTO, UCC, and HCCH would create a more predictable, transparent legal environment. This would reduce uncertainty, simplify international transactions, and promote global economic growth by facilitating smoother cross-border trad

Influence of metal ions on the economic parameters of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

Micronutrients contribute significantly to homeostasis at the cellular, physiological, and biological interface of silkworm growth and development. The silkworm cocoon traits are highly physiologically dependent, controlled by the optimum avail- ability of micronutrient concentrations. Keeping this in view, two micronutrients, i.e., copper and iron, were investigated to understand their role in economic traits in popular bivoltine silkworm double-hybrid FC 1 × FC 2 . The mulberry leaves were bio-fortified with copper and iron in the form of copper chloride and ferric chloride with concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.5%, respectively. Irrespective of the micronutrients, all the studied pre- and post-cocoon parameters tend to increase at lower concentrations and decline at higher concentrations. ANOVA revealed a significant gain in larval weight (~ 9.28% and ~ 8.42%), single cocoon weight (~ 5.38% and ~ 6.45%), and filament length (~ 8.37%) when the silkworms were fed with the mulberry leaves fortified with a low concentration (0.2%) of copper and iron. The improvement in reelability (~ 4.92%), renditta (~ 1.91% and ~ 1.04%), and denier (~ 11.99% and ~ 7.19%) was maximum at 0.2% of copper- and iron-augmented leaves compared to the control. It is envisaged that copper and iron chlorides compounds have incremental impact in silk production. Therefore, feed bio-fortification with appropriate concentrations of copper and iron is recommended to improve cocoon production in both quality and quantity, thereby enhancing the economic returns for sericulture farmers

Technology Transfer in the Era of Military Conflict: Legal Challenges for International Trade and International Humanitarian Law

Objective: to identify the complex relations between international trade and military law in the context of technology transfer; to analyze the legal implications of technology transfers for international humanitarian law in order to clarify the impact of technology transfer in international trade on the warfare means regulation and identify legal gaps in existing international conventions. Methods: the study uses a comprehensive legal analysis of international documents, including the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, the Hague Conventions, and modern international agreements in the field of trade and technology. The authors used comparative legal method to study the national legislations of various states and a systematic approach to analyze the interaction of international humanitarian law and international trade law. Results: the study revealed significant legal gaps in regulating the transfer of dual-use technologies during wartime. It was established that modern technologies, including artificial intelligence, autonomous weapons systems and cybernetic means, create a regulatory vacuum that undermines the effectiveness of existing international conventions. A significant technological gap between the Global North and South was demonstrated. Scientific novelty: the work is the first comprehensive study of technology evolution in the context of international humanitarian law, with an emphasis on the need to develop special regulatory mechanisms. The authors present a conceptual model for the integration of technology transfer norms into the system of international disarmament treaties, taking into account the principles of proportionality and distinction. Practical significance: the study proposes specific amendments to the articles of the Geneva Conventions, including the modification of Article 35(2) of Additional Protocol I to include new technologies and extend the requirements of Article 36 regarding legal reviews of technological transfers. The recommendations developed can serve as a basis for creating international monitoring mechanisms and increasing transparency in the field of military technology transfer