1,430 research outputs found

    Advanced modelling for design helping of heterogeneous CLT panels in bending

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    International audienceCross Laminated Timber (CLT) panels are more and more common in timber construction. When submitted to out-of-plane loads, their main structural issue is the low transverse shear strength of cross layers which leads to rolling shear failure [1, 2]. The absence of specific standards yields to CLT panels having lateral boards glued each other or not, depending on the producer. The resulting discontinuities in the non-gluing case influence the global mechanical response [3]. In addition, the timber construction market requires new technical solutions for CLT. Periodic voids within the panel lead to lighter and more thermally efficient floors. However this geometry increases the panel’s heterogeneity and the difficulties in predicting the actual bending behaviour, especially the shear effects.In the first part of this work we focused our attention to a CLT layer having weak heterogeneities, namely the gaps between boards. These heterogeneities are taken into account by means of a (fictitious) equivalent and homogeneous CLT layer which mechanical properties are defined with respect to the board’s reference frame. Such an equivalent layer is combined with the exact 3D solution for laminated plates in bending [4] and a failure criterion for wood [5]. The predicted behaviour is in good agreement with a reference experimental test [6] in terms of global stiffness and variation of failure modes within the apparent elastic regime. The validated model is therefore used to investigate the influence of varying some panel’s properties on the bending response.Innovative CLT panels having periodic voids (filled by an isolating material) are already in production. An experimental campaign proved how this lay-up increases their shear weakness. The ratio wood/void can approximate the reduced elastic properties of these strongly heterogeneous panels. This approach has been already used [2] with design method for CLT in bending [7] and can be simply implemented in the Equivalent – Layer model. As a starting point we aim to compare the experimental behaviour with the predicted one using reduced mechanical properties by the ratio wood/void. These properties are combined with the model developed for weak heterogeneities and design methods for CLT in bending [7, 8].Nevertheless, such a simplified approach can’t reproduce the complexity of stresses’ and strains’ distribution, especially transverse shear ones. Therefore a more accurate model is currently in development. This solution can precisely predict the influence of high heterogeneities by means of a periodic homogenization scheme. Panel’s reduced elastic properties (EI – GA) derived with such an advanced modelling can be finally used for practical design of bending members

    Comportement en flexion de panneaux en bois lamellé croisé hétérogÚnes

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    National audienceDans le domaine de la construction bois, les panneaux en bois massif lamellĂ©s croisĂ©s (CLT – Cross Laminated Timber) sont de plus en plus utilisĂ©s en tant que plancher ou toiture. Ils sont composĂ©s de plusieurs couches en bois empilĂ©es et collĂ©es de façon croisĂ©e, pour obtenir des bonnes propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques et hygromĂ©triques dans les deux directions.Un enjeu technologique en dĂ©veloppement est d’enlever du bois des planchers CLT et le remplacer avec du matĂ©riau isolant afin de rendre les panneaux plus lĂ©gers et plus performants acoustiquement et thermiquement. L’utilisation de ces nouveaux planchers est encore limitĂ©e, Ă  cause d’une connaissance insuffisante de leur comportement mĂ©canique en flexion.Des essais de flexion 4-points sur des planchers CLT massifs et aĂ©rĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© conduits. Cette campagne essais a montrĂ©e l’augmentation des effets de cisaillement quand le pourcentage des vides augmente. En plus, le plancher le plus aĂ©rĂ© a montrĂ© des modes de ruine complexes liĂ©es aux effets de cisaillement roulant (RT) et traction perpendiculaire aux fibres difficiles Ă  prĂ©voir avec les mĂ©thodes simplifiĂ©es des ingĂ©nieurs. Ensuite, les planches en bois des planchers ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es pour dĂ©terminer les raideurs Ă©lastiques et les rĂ©sistances. Les essais de caractĂ©risation comprennent : traction parallĂšle aux fibres, compression selon les trois directions et cisaillement roulant.Une premiĂšre approche pour reproduire le comportement des planchers CLT aĂ©rĂ©s peut ĂȘtre celui d’utiliser des mĂ©thodes pour les CLT massifs et rĂ©duire les propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©canique du bois issues des essais de caractĂ©risation par le pourcentage du vide. Les deux mĂ©thodes pour le calcul en flexion choisies sont : la mĂ©thode d’analogie du cisaillement (Kreuzinger, 1999) adoptĂ©e par la norme allemande (DIN, 2004) et un modĂšle dĂ©veloppĂ© rĂ©cemment qui combine une solution analytique 3D (Pagano, 1970) avec une couche CLT homogĂšne Ă©quivalente (Franzoni et al, 2015).Une modĂ©lisation plus avancĂ©e du comportement en flexion de ces panneaux trĂšs hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes en bois est en cours. Le modĂšle choisi est un schĂ©ma d’homogĂ©nĂ©isation pĂ©riodique gĂ©rĂ© par une thĂ©orie de plaque pour les stratifiĂ©s (LebĂ©e, 2012). À ce moment, seulement la raideur en flexion a Ă©tĂ© calculĂ©e avec cette mĂ©thode. Cette modĂ©lisation avancĂ©e permettra de dĂ©terminer les principaux paramĂštres pour concevoir ces nouveaux planchers aĂ©rĂ©s en bois, comme la raideur en flexion, la raideur en cisaillement, le chargement critique et le mode de ruine associĂ©

    Resistance to decay fungi of ammonium borate oleate treated wood

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    Ammonium borate oleate molecule (ABO) produced from reaction between boric acid, ammonia and oleic acid was tested as wood preservative treatment against brown and white rot fungi according to European standards. This compound was prepared according to a previous study which has proved existence of synthesis reaction and effectiveness against termites (Lyon et al. 2007b). Four solutions of ABO in ethanol were then produced and impregnated sapwood specimens of Beech and Pine exposed to fungi Coniophora puteana and Coriolus versicolor. Efficiency thresholds were found in each case except for Pine samples exposed to Coniophora puteana. Combination of the biocide effect of boron, and the water repellence of fatty acids allowed to provide resistance of leached wood specimens against fungi

    Bending behaviour of massive and aerated timber floors

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    National audienceDans le domaine de la construction bois, les panneaux en bois massif lamellĂ©s croisĂ©s (CLT – Cross Laminated Timber) sont de plus en plus utilisĂ©s en tant que plancher ou toiture. En raison de leur facilitĂ© et rapiditĂ© de mise en Ɠuvre et de l’orientation croisĂ©e des couches transverses qui garantit des propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques et hygromĂ©triques uniformes. Une premiĂšre Ă©tude [1] a identifiĂ© des hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ©s « faibles » affectant leur comportement en flexion et proposĂ©e une modĂ©lisation avancĂ©e pour essayer de les prendre en compte. Cette modĂ©lisation s’appuie sur un comportement homogĂ©nĂ©isĂ© et simplifiĂ© d’une couche en bois, une solution analytique 3D [2] et un critĂšre de rupture pour le bois [3]. Le modĂšle dĂ©veloppĂ© a Ă©tĂ© validĂ© sur une expĂ©rience de rĂ©fĂ©rence des CLT en flexion [4] en termes de raideur et modes de ruine progressifs. Ensuite, des Ă©tudes paramĂ©triques ont Ă©tĂ© conduites avec le modĂšle validĂ©, afin d’amĂ©liorer la connaissance sur la mĂ©canique de ces panneaux et d’explorer aussi des configurations innovantes.Un enjeu technologique en dĂ©veloppement est d’enlever du bois des planchers CLT et le remplacer avec du matĂ©riau isolant afin de rendre les panneaux plus lĂ©gers et plus performants acoustiquement et thermiquement. L’utilisation de ces nouveaux planchers est encore limitĂ©e, Ă  cause d’une connaissance insuffisante de leur comportement mĂ©canique en flexion. En effet, une campagne essais de flexion 4-points a montrĂ© des ruptures complexes liĂ©es aux effets de cisaillement et difficiles Ă  prĂ©voir avec les mĂ©thodes simplifiĂ©es des ingĂ©nieurs. Une modĂ©lisation avancĂ©e du comportement en flexion de ces panneaux trĂšs hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes en bois est en dĂ©veloppement et les premiers rĂ©sultats seront prĂ©sentĂ©s. Le modĂšle choisi est un schĂ©ma d’homogĂ©nĂ©isation pĂ©riodique gĂ©rĂ© par une thĂ©orie de plaque pour les stratifiĂ©s [5]. Ce modĂšle avancĂ© permettra de dĂ©terminer les principaux paramĂštres pour concevoir ces nouveaux planchers aĂ©rĂ©s en bois, comme la raideur en flexion, la raideur en cisaillement, le chargement critique et le mode de ruine associĂ©

    Daptomycin > 6 mg/kg/day as salvage therapy in patients with complex bone and joint infection: cohort study in a regional reference center

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    Background: Even if daptomycin does not have approval for the treatment of bone and joint infections (BJI), the Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines propose this antibiotic as alternative therapy for prosthetic joint infection. The recommended dose is 6 mg/kg/d, whereas recent data support the use of higher doses in these patients.Methods: We performed a cohort study including consecutive patients that have received daptomycin >6 mg/kg/d for complex BJI between 2011 and 2013 in a French regional reference center. Factors associated with treatment failure were determined on univariate Cox analysis and Kaplan-Meier curves.Results: Forty-three patients (age, 61 ± 17 years) received a mean dose of 8 ± 0.9 mg/kg/d daptomycin, for a mean 81 ± 59 days (range, 6-303 days). Most had chronic (n = 37, 86 %) implant-associated (n = 37, 86 %) BJI caused by coagulasenegative staphylococci (n = 32, 74 %). A severe adverse event (SAE) occurred in 6 patients (14 %), including 2 cases of eosinophilic pneumonia, concomitant with daptomycin Cmin >24 mg/L. Outcome was favorable in 30 (77 %) of the 39 clinically assessable patients. Predictors for treatment failure were age, non-optimal surgery and daptomycin withdrawal for SAE.Conclusions: Prolonged high-dose daptomycin therapy was effective in patients with complex BJI. However, optimal surgery remains the cornerstone of medico-surgical strategy; and a higher incidence of eosinophilic pneumonia than expected was recorded

    Development and validation of HERWIG 7 tunes from CMS underlying-event measurements

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    This paper presents new sets of parameters (“tunes”) for the underlying-event model of the HERWIG7 event generator. These parameters control the description of multiple-parton interactions (MPI) and colour reconnection in HERWIG7, and are obtained from a fit to minimum-bias data collected by the CMS experiment at s=0.9, 7, and 13Te. The tunes are based on the NNPDF 3.1 next-to-next-to-leading-order parton distribution function (PDF) set for the parton shower, and either a leading-order or next-to-next-to-leading-order PDF set for the simulation of MPI and the beam remnants. Predictions utilizing the tunes are produced for event shape observables in electron-positron collisions, and for minimum-bias, inclusive jet, top quark pair, and Z and W boson events in proton-proton collisions, and are compared with data. Each of the new tunes describes the data at a reasonable level, and the tunes using a leading-order PDF for the simulation of MPI provide the best description of the dat

    Search for the lepton flavor violating decay τ → 3ÎŒ in proton-proton collisions at s \sqrt{\mathrm{s}} = 13 TeV

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    Results are reported from a search for the lepton flavor violating decay τ → 3ÎŒ in proton-proton collisions at s \sqrt{\mathrm{s}} = 13 TeV. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 33.2 fb−1^{-1} recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2016. The search exploits τ leptons produced in both W boson and heavy-flavor hadron decays. No significant excess above the expected background is observed. An upper limit on the branching fraction B(τ → 3ÎŒ) of 8.0 x 10−8^{-8} at 90% confidence level is obtained, with an expected upper limit of 6.9 x 10−8^{-8}

    Erratum to: Search for dark matter produced in association with a leptonically decaying Z{\mathrm{Z}} boson in proton–proton collisions at s=13 TeV\sqrt{s}=13\,\text {Te}\text {V}

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    Search for invisible decays of the Higgs boson produced via vector boson fusion in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

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    A search for invisible decays of the Higgs boson produced via vector boson fusion (VBF) has been performed with 101  fb−1^{-1} of proton-proton collisions delivered by the LHC at s\sqrt{s} =13  TeV and collected by the CMS detector in 2017 and 2018. The sensitivity to the VBF production mechanism is enhanced by constructing two analysis categories, one based on missing transverse momentum and a second based on the properties of jets. In addition to control regions with Z and W boson candidate events, a highly populated control region, based on the production of a photon in association with jets, is used to constrain the dominant irreducible background from the invisible decay of a Z boson produced in association with jets. The results of this search are combined with all previous measurements in the VBF topology, based on data collected in 2012 (at s\sqrt{s} =8  TeV), 2015, and 2016, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 19.7, 2.3, and 36.3  fb−1^{-1}, respectively. The observed (expected) upper limit on the invisible branching fraction of the Higgs boson is found to be 0.18 (0.10) at the 95% confidence level, assuming the standard model production cross section. The results are also interpreted in the context of Higgs-portal models
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