Contributions and complexities from the use of in-vivo animal models to improve understanding of human neuroimaging signals.

Many of the major advances in our understanding of how functional brain imaging signals relate to neuronal activity over the previous two decades have arisen from physiological research studies involving experimental animal models. This approach has been successful partly because it provides opportunities to measure both the hemodynamic changes that underpin many human functional brain imaging techniques and the neuronal activity about which we wish to make inferences. Although research into the coupling of neuronal and hemodynamic responses using animal models has provided a general validation of the correspondence of neuroimaging signals to specific types of neuronal activity, it is also highlighting the key complexities and uncertainties in estimating neural signals from hemodynamic markers. This review will detail how research in animal models is contributing to our rapidly evolving understanding of what human neuroimaging techniques tell us about neuronal activity. It will highlight emerging issues in the interpretation of neuroimaging data that arise from in-vivo research studies, for example spatial and temporal constraints to neuroimaging signal interpretation, or the effects of disease and modulatory neurotransmitters upon neurovascular coupling. We will also give critical consideration to the limitations and possible complexities of translating data acquired in the typical animals models used in this area to the arena of human fMRI. These include the commonplace use of anaesthesia in animal research studies and the fact that many neuropsychological questions that are being actively explored in humans have limited homologues within current animal models for neuroimaging research. Finally we will highlighting approaches, both in experimental animals models (e.g. imaging in conscious, behaving animals) and human studies (e.g. combined fMRI-EEG), that mitigate against these challenges

Analysis of the Appearance Quality of Tobacco Leaves in the Tobacco-growing Areas of Qujing City

In order to set up the digitization indices system of appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves in Qujing. According to the relevant standards, the quantitative analysis on appearance quality of 39 central and upper tobacco samples which were collected from eight flue-cured tobacco production regions of Qujing City, Yunnan Province were carried out in 2011, respectively. The results showed that the difference in evaluation score of appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco in eight regions was not significant．The tobacco leaves had high maturity, high oil content, loose structure and good appearance quality. The scores of appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco in Shizong County and Malong County are higher than other regions. The two regions are suitable for tobacco plantation. The preliminary digitization indices provide reference and guidance to tobacco production and standards system of tobacco leaves base

Effects of Partial Replacement of Chemical Fertilizer by Bio-organic Fertilizer Kunyijian on Yield and Quality of Tobacco Leaves

To explore the application effect of bio-organic fertilizer Kunyijian in flue-cured tobacco and provide scientific basis for its application in production, a plot trial was conducted with K326, a flue-cured tobacco variety, in the Science and Technology Test Base of Xundian County, Yunnan. Taking local fertilizer consumption (control 1) and 70% local fertilizer consumption (control 2) as controls, the following replacement groups were designed: under uniformly replacement 70% local fertilizer consumption, (1) organic fertilizer: microbial agent = 80 : 1（kg）, + 600 kg/ha, + 900 kg/ha, + 1 200 kg/ha, + 1 500 kg/ha Kunyijian; (2) organic fertilizer: microbial agent = 40 : 1（kg）, + 900 kg/ha Kunyijian. The results show that in the treatment of 70% local fertilizer consumption + 1 200 kg/ha Kunyijian [organic fertilizer: microbial agent = 80 : 1（kg）], the comprehensive performance of flue-cured tobacco was significantly better than that in the control groups, the yield of tobacco leaves reached 2 237.1 kg/ha, the output value was 45 505.2 yuan/ha, and the average price of the tobacco leaves was 20.53 yuan/kg. The performance of flue-cured tobacco in the treatment of 70% local fertilizer consumption + 1 500 kg/ha Kunyijian ranked second. The performance of other fertilization treatments was not good, but it did not differ significantly from that of control 1. In terms of chemical composition of tobacco leaves, partial replacement of chemical fertilizer by bio-organic fertilizer Kunyijian, was beneficial to increase the sugar content and reduce the nicotine and total nitrogen contents in tobacco leaves, especially the treatment of 70% local fertilizer consumption + 900 kg/ha Kunyijian (organic fertilizer : microbial agent = 80 kg: 1 kg), and it was also beneficial to increase the chlorine content in tobacco leaves, especially the treatment of 70% local fertilizer consumption + 1 500 kg/ha Kunyijian [organic fertilizer: microbial agent = 80 : 1（kg）]. Therefore, it is feasible to use the bio-organic fertilizer Kunyijian to replace 30% of chemical fertilizer in tobacco production. The rate is recommended to be 900- 1 500 kg/ha [organic fertilizer: microbial agent = 80 : 1（kg）]. It is suggested to further strengthen the demonstration and promotion of Kunyijian