Measurement of the tt̄W and tt̄Z production cross sections in pp collisions at √s = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The production cross sections of top-quark pairs in association with massive vector bosons have been measured using data from pp collisions at s√ = 8 TeV. The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb−¹ collected by the ATLAS detector in 2012 at the LHC. Final states with two, three or four leptons are considered. A fit to the data considering the tt̄W and tt̄Z processes simultaneously yields a significance of 5.0σ (4.2σ) over the background-only hypothesis for tt¯Wtt¯W (tt̄Z) production. The measured cross sections are σtt̄W = 369 + 100−91 fb and σtt̄Z = 176 + 58−52 fb. The background-only hypothesis with neither tt̄W nor tt̄Z production is excluded at 7.1σ. All measurements are consistent with next-to-leading-order calculations for the tt̄W and tt̄Z processes

Foreign Financing of Developing Countries’ Private Sectors: Analysis and Description of Structure and Trends

The paper presents a comprehensive survey of the ‘shopping list’ of sources of external finance that are directly channelled to the business sector of developing countries. Generally, our analytical survey covers the 1970-2000 period, and includes the distribution of foreign resources classified according to the different income-based and geographical breakdown of developing countries. We examine aggregate net resource flows in the form of the saving-investment gap and current account surplus in the balance-of-payments of developed countries. Also examined is the institutionalized component of this aggregate, which encompasses both official and private flows. In addition, we discuss the different components of private flows, including unrequited private transfers (grants by NGOs and workers’ remittances) and commercial capital flows (private flows to multilateral institutions and bilateral private capital flows in the form of foreign direct investments and portfolio capital flows) to developing countries. Official foreign flows for business sector development are also discussed. The recent pre-occupation with assistance to microfinance and microenterprises in developing countries as a way of enhancing poverty reduction and gender balance in recipient countries is also highlighted. These official sources are bilateral and multilateral flows, including those from the International Finance Corporation. Items that are, by their nature, inherently net outflows from developing countries are also examined. These include the cross-border international banking transactions by residents of developing countries that often give rise to capital flight. Also included are the foreign currency and other liquid liabilities of developed countries, whose holding by the residents of developing countries seems be increasing