Mapeamento de perigo a movimentos de massa úmida com o SHALSTAB e Hyper KANAKO na bacia do Rio do Boi, região sul do Brasil

Os eventos extremos de chuva têm se tornado cada vez mais frequentes em diversas regiões brasileiras, isso acaba resultando em um aumento dos fenômenos naturais que são potencialmente catastróficos, como escorregamentos e fluxos de detritos. No Brasil, os desastres naturais causados por esses fenômenos estão concentrados principalmente em regiões montanhosas, onde diversos eventos foram registrados ao longo dos últimos anos. Dessa forma, os mapeamentos de áreas suscetíveis a esses fenômenos são essenciais, pois auxiliam na gestão e planejamento territorial e ambiental, reduzindo o risco de perda de vidas humanas. Diversas metodologias, envolvendo a combinação de modelos computacionais e modelos matemáticos, têm sido desenvolvidas no mundo e aplicadas no mapeamento de áreas suscetíveis a movimentos de massa. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho buscou utilizar a combinação dos modelos SHALSTAB e Hyper KANAKO, associados a caracterização da área de estudo com dados de campo, para realizar um mapeamento de perigo a escorregamentos translacionais e fluxos de detritos, em uma bacia montanhosa do sul do Brasil, muito visitada por turistas. Com essas ferramentas, buscou-se avaliar se esses fenômenos atingem a trilha do rio do Boi e residências da região, e se atingem, com que intensidade. A caracterização da área de estudo foi realizada por meio de Unidades Geotécnicas, as quais tiveram, através de ensaios em campo e laboratórios, os valores dos parâmetros físicos do solo medidos. Esses dados obtidos foram utilizados no SHALSTAB para determinar as áreas mais instáveis e suscetíveis a escorregamentos translacionais, a simulação foi calibrada com um inventário de cicatrizes e com índices de desempenho. Essas áreas apontadas como instáveis pelo resultado do SHALSTAB foram utilizadas para gerar um hidrograma de entrada para o modelo de fluxos de detritos (Hyper KANAKO). Em geral, ambos os modelos apresentaram resultados satisfatórios ao simular a ocorrência desses fenômenos. Os cenários simulados apontaram que a ocorrência de fluxos de detritos na região representa um perigo real para os turistas e moradores, com pontos em que esses fenômenos atingem as trilhas com velocidade superior a 50 km/h e profundidades maiores que 5 m. Essas informações trazem à tona a discussão da necessidade de medidas de segurança para os turistas e guias, além, é claro, dos moradores locais.Extreme rainfall events have become increasingly frequent in several Brazilian regions, resulting in an increase in potential catastrophic natural phenomena, such as landslides and debris flows. In Brazil, natural disasters caused by these phenomena are mainly concentrated in mountainous regions, where several events have been recorded over the last few years. In this way, mapping areas susceptible to these phenomena are essential, this mapping help in territorial and environmental management and planning, reducing the risk of loss of human life. Several methodologies, involving the combination of computational models and mathematical models, have been developed in the world and applied in the mapping of areas susceptible to mass movements. In this context, the present work sought to use the combination of the SHALSTAB and Hyper KANAKO models, associated with the characterization of the study area with field data, to develop a hazard map of translational landslides and debris flows in a mountain basin in southern Brazil, which is much visited by tourists. With these tools, it was sought to assess whether these phenomena affect the trails and residences in the region, and if they do, with what intensity. The characterization of the study area was performed using Geotechnical Units, which had, through field and laboratory tests, the values of the physical parameters of the soil measured. These data obtained were used in SHALSTAB to determine the most unstable areas and susceptible to translational landslides, the simulation was calibrated with a scar inventory and performance ratios. These areas identified as unstable by the SHALSTAB result were used to generate an input hydrograph for the debris flow model (Hyper KANAKO). In general, both models presented satisfactory results when simulating the occurrence of these phenomena. The results showed that the occurrence of debris flows in the region represents a real danger for tourists and residents, with points where these phenomena reach the trails with speeds above 50 km/h and depths greater than 5 m. This information brings up the discussion of the need for security measures for tourists and guides, as well as, of course, local residents

Proposal of Hazard Connectivity Index for debris flow disaster management

The concept of connectivity and its index have been widely discussed and applied to environmental studies such as ecology, hydrology, geomorphology and hydrosedimentology. Supposing that this concept is very useful also in disaster risk management, we define the hazard connectivity associated to debris flows as the connectivity degree between the debris flow occurrence (trajectory) and the point of interest (location of house, person, and so on). Based on this definition, the Hazard Connectivity Index (HCI) associated to debris flow is proposed as: HCI = L/(x+L), where x is the shortest distance between the debris flow trajectory and the point of interest; and L is the runout distance of the debris flow or just mass movement. The HCI value varies from 0 to 1, being that its higher value indicates larger hazard condition. The HCI application to one case study showed that it can be useful in the analysis of the debris flow related hazard

Evaluation of the influence of digital terrain model resolution on the numerical modeling of shallow landslides and debris flow

Escorregamentos e fluxos de detritos no Brasil são fenômenos naturais desencadeados por eventos extremos de chuva. Ao longo das últimas décadas, um grande número de eventos de diferentes magnitudes vem sendo registrados em diferentes regiões do Brasil. Como uma importante medida preventiva, frequentemente são elaborados mapas de áreas suscetíveis a movimentos de massa. Modelos computacionais têm sido amplamente utilizados, e são desenvolvidos a partir de Modelos Digitais de Terreno (MDT). Desta forma o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência da resolução de um MDT sobre o desempenho dos modelos SHALSTAB e Kanako-2D por meio da aplicação dos mesmos a um bairro no município de Igrejinha/RS. Foi utilizado um MDT de 2,5 m o qual foi posteriormente reamostrado para as resoluções de 5 m, 10 m, 25 m e 50 m. Os resultados demonstraram uma alta influência da resolução, principalmente em pequena escala de análise e para as resoluções de 25 m e 50 m. Também mostraram que para a escala utilizada no presente estudo, a resolução mínima de um MDT deve ser de 10 m.Landslides and debris flows in Brazil are natural phenomena triggered by extreme rainfall events. Over the last decades, a large number of events of various magnitudes have been recorded in different regions of Brazil. As an important preventive measure, maps of areas susceptible to mass movement are frequently elaborated. Computational models have been widely used, and are developed from Digital Terrain Models (DTM). Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the influence of the DTM resolution on the performance of the SHALSTAB and Kanako-2D models by applying them to a neighborhood in the municipality of Igrejinha/RS. A 2.5 m DTM was used, which was later resampled for resolutions of 5 m, 10 m, 25 m and 50 m. The results demonstrated a strong influence of the resolution, mainly in small scale of analysis and for the resolutions of 25 m and 50 m. They also showed that for such a mapping, the minimum resolution of a DTM must be 10 m

Enabling planetary science across light-years. Ariel Definition Study Report

Ariel, the Atmospheric Remote-sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey, was adopted as the fourth medium-class mission in ESA's Cosmic Vision programme to be launched in 2029. During its 4-year mission, Ariel will study what exoplanets are made of, how they formed and how they evolve, by surveying a diverse sample of about 1000 extrasolar planets, simultaneously in visible and infrared wavelengths. It is the first mission dedicated to measuring the chemical composition and thermal structures of hundreds of transiting exoplanets, enabling planetary science far beyond the boundaries of the Solar System. The payload consists of an off-axis Cassegrain telescope (primary mirror 1100 mm x 730 mm ellipse) and two separate instruments (FGS and AIRS) covering simultaneously 0.5-7.8 micron spectral range. The satellite is best placed into an L2 orbit to maximise the thermal stability and the field of regard. The payload module is passively cooled via a series of V-Groove radiators; the detectors for the AIRS are the only items that require active cooling via an active Ne JT cooler. The Ariel payload is developed by a consortium of more than 50 institutes from 16 ESA countries, which include the UK, France, Italy, Belgium, Poland, Spain, Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Portugal, Czech Republic, Hungary, the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Estonia, and a NASA contribution

Production of He-4 and (4) in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV at the LHC

Results on the production of He-4 and (4) nuclei in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S = 2.76 TeV in the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar <1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0-10% central events are found to be dN/dy4(He) = (0.8 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst)) x 10(-6) and dN/dy4 = (1.1 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.2 (syst)) x 10(-6), respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (T-chem = 156 MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of (4)/He-4 is 1.4 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.5 (syst). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe