INCÊNDIOS EM VEGETAÇÃO NO PERÍMETRO URBANO DE ALTAMIRA, PA, NO PERÍODO DE 2011 À 2020

Incêndios em vegetação não ocorrem apenas em ambientes naturais, eles podem ocorrer também, em áreas urbanas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar descritivamente os dados das ocorrências de incêndio em vegetação, no perímetro urbano de Altamira no período de 2011 a 2020 e verificar as correlações entre as ocorrências e variáveis meteorológicas. Para a realização dessa pesquisa foram utilizados os dados das ocorrências atendidas pelo CBMPA, 9º GBM, registradas no SISCOB. Do total de ocorrências 8,88% são referentes à incêndios, e destes, 57,91% são relativos à incêndio em vegetação. A tipologias de incêndio em vegetação registradas são genéricas, sendo “mato” o tipo mais frequente. As seis localidades que apresentaram os maiores números, juntas representam cerca de um terço do total de ocorrências no período estudado. O número de ocorrências apresentou uma correlação forte e negativa (-0,83) com precipitação, forte e positiva (0,86) com a temperatura e muito forte e negativa (-0,95) com a umidade relativa do ar. Os casos de incêndio em vegetação ocorreram nos meses em que as variáveis meteorológicas se mostravam propícias para tal, revelando a necessidade de se criar campanhas e/ou ações preventivas, principalmente nesse período, para conscientização da população em relação ao uso do fogo.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Corpo de Bombeiros; SISCOB; Amazônia

CARBONO NO SOLO E NO ESTRATO ARBÓREO EM ÁREAS DE MANEJO DE FLORESTAS NATIVAS NO CERRADO

Native areas under forest management are important in the process of carbon storage in the atmosphere, and can contribute substantially in this process and reduce illegal exploitation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the aerial carbono stock and the superficial andsubsurface layer of the Aluvial Seasonal Semideciduous Forest area altered in the municipality of Dueré, State of Tocantins. The data were monitored through the forest inventory in 2018, using a systematic sampling design in bands, where 22 samples of 20x50 m (1000 m²) were allocated in 5 bands in the study area, totaling a sample area of ​​2.2 hectares. As soil samples were collected in the 0-20 cm (superficial) and 20-40 cm (subsurface layer), 22 soil samples were collected for each layer. The determination of aerial organic carbon was used by the equation developed by Higuchi (1998). To determine soil carbon, the density of the soil was used, as well as its equivalent carbon content, at depths of 0-20 and 20-40 cm.Áreas nativas sob manejo florestal são importantes no processo de estocagem de carbono da atmosfera, podendo contribuir de maneira substancial nesse processo e diminuir exploração ilegal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o estoque de carbono aéreo e nas camadas superficial e subsuperficial do solo em área de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual Aluvial alterada no município de Dueré, estado do Tocantins. Os dados foram obtidos através de inventário florestal no ano de 2018 utilizando um delineamento amostral sistemático em faixas, onde foram alocadas 22 unidades amostrais de 20x50 m (1000 m²) em 5 faixas na área de estudo, totalizando uma área amostral de 2,2 hectares. As amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas de 0-20 cm (superficial) e 20-40 cm, (subsuperficial) foram coletadas 22 amostras de solo para cada camada. A determinação do carbono orgânico aéreo foi obtida através da equação desenvolvida por Higuchi (1998). Para a determinação do carbono do solo foi utilizada a densidade do solo bem como os seus teores de carbonos equivalentes, nas profundidades de 0-20 e 20-40 cm. Palavras-chave: inventário florestal; estrato arbóreo; ciclagem de nutrientes.   Carbon in the soil and in the arborous status in management areas of native forests in the Cerrado   ABSTRACT: Native areas under forest management are important in the process of carbon storage in the atmosphere, and can contribute substantially in this process and reduce illegal exploitation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the aerial carbon stock and the superficial andsubsurface layer of the Aluvial Seasonal Semideciduous Forest area altered in the municipality of Dueré, State of Tocantins. The data were monitored through the forest inventory in 2018, using a systematic sampling design in bands, where 22 samples of 20x50 m (1000 m²) were allocated in 5 bands in the study area, totaling a sample area of 2.2 hectares. As soil samples were collected in the 0-20 cm (superficial) and 20-40 cm (subsurface layer), 22 soil samples were collected for each layer. The determination of aerial organic carbon was used by the equation developed by Higuchi (1998). To determine soil carbon, the density of the soil was used, as well as its equivalent carbon content, at depths of 0-20 and 20-40 cm. Keyword: forest inventory; arboreal extract; nutrient cycling

AJUSTE DA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DIAMÉTRICA E SIMILARIDADE FLORÍSTICA PARA ÁREAS CILIARES ATRAVÉS DO USO DE FUNÇÕES DE DENSIDADE DE PROBABILIDADE

In this work, the ciliary area in the cerrado in five streams belonging to the urbanized microbasin of the municipality of Gurupi - TO was studied with the following objectives: to adjust mathematical functions (logarithmic, exponential, hyperbolic, linear and nonlinear) for determination of probability density functions because they are used as a signature of the ecological processes that occur in the forests, as well as to determine the floristic similarity. It is observed the results expressed by the frequency graphs, the J-inverted formation, with a small perturbation between the initial and intermediate diametric classes, indicating the presence of anthropic actions. The functions were selected by the values of R²aj, Syx%, graphical analysis of the residues and value of F, being: y = exp (25,581 + (- 60,611) / x + (- 6,184) * ln (x)) for Free Water, y = x / (0.639 + -0.084 * x + 0.004 * x ^ 2) for Two Brothers, y = 124.243 * exp ((ln (x) -2.559) 2 / (- 0.379)) for Mutuca, y = 1 / (0.0001 * (x + (- 15.250)) 2 + 0.020) for Medium Lacking I and y = (0.477 + 0.313 * x) / (1 + (- 0.121) * x + 0.004 * x ^ 2) for Pouso do Meio II. The FDPs selected for DAP estimates are accurate and can be used in other areas of the same plant typology. There is floristic dissimilarity between the streams and also within the streams.Neste trabalho, a área ciliar no cerrado presente em cinco córregos pertencentes a micro bacia urbanizada do município de Gurupi - TO, foi estudada com os seguintes objetivos: ajustar funções matemáticas (logarítmicos, exponenciais, hiperbólicos, lineares e não-lineares) para determinação de funções de densidade de probabilidade por serem usadas como assinatura dos processos ecológicos que ocorrem nas florestas, bem como determinar a similaridade florística. Observa-se os resultados expressos pelos gráficos de frequência, a formação do J-invertido, com uma pequena perturbação entre as classes diamétricas iniciais e intermediarias, indicando presença ações antrópicas. As funções foram selecionadas pelos valores de R²aj, Syx%, análise gráfica dos resíduos e valor de F, sendo elas: y=exp(25,581+(-60,611)/x+(-6,184)*ln(x)) para Água Franca, y=x/(0,639+-0,084*x+0,004*x^2)para Dois Irmãos, y=124,243*exp((ln(x)-2,559)^2/(-0,379)) para Mutuca, y=1/(0,0001*(x+(-15,250))^2+0,020) para Pouso do Meio I e y=(0,497+0,313*x)/(1+(-0,121)*x+0,004*x^2 ) para Pouso do Meio II. As FDPs selecionadas para estimativas dos DAP’s são acurada e podem ser utilizadas em outras áreas de mesma tipologia vegetal. Há dissimilaridade florística entre os córregos e também dentro dos córregos

Molecular diagnosis of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) in dogs from an endemic area in Pernambuco State, Brazil

A survey was carried out to detect American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) among dogs in an area where a human outbreak had occurred in the state of Pernambuco, in northeastern Brazil. Domiciled dogs living in the district of Três Ladeiras, Igarassu were used in the present study. The following procedures were performed: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (n = 126); the Immunofluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT) (n = 80); and a parasitological examination to detect amastigote forms of Leishmania sp. in skin lesions (n = 43). Associations between the infection in animals and the clinical and epidemiological factors were analyzed using Fisher's exact test or the Pearson’s chi-squared test. In total, 46.8% (59/126) of the samples tested were PCRpositive. Although a higher frequency of positivity was detected among males (46.3 %) and animals aged between 3 and 4 years (50.0 %), no significant associations were recorded for these variables (p> 0.05). Similarly, the clinical signs and aspects related to the environment in which the animal lives did not differ significantly, but differences were recorded for the variable locality. In the IFAT, only 6.2% (5/80) of the dogs were positive and no amastigote forms of Leishmania sp. were detected

Biomechanical evaluation of four surgical techniques for ventral stabilization of the atlantoaxial joint in dogs

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study compared, through biomechanical evaluation under ventral flexion load, four surgical techniques for ventral stabilization of the atlantoaxial joint in dogs. Methods: In total, 28 identical atlantoaxial joint models were created by digital printing from computed tomography images of a dog, and the specimens were divided into four groups of seven. In each group, a different technique for ventral stabilization of the atlantoaxial joint was performed: transarticular lag screws, polyaxial screws, multiple screws and bone cement (polymethylmethacrylate–PMMA), and atlantoaxial plate. After the stabilization technique, biomechanical evaluation was performed under ventral flexion load, both with a predefined constant load and with a gradually increasing load until stabilization failure. Results: All specimens, regardless of stabilization technique, were able to support the predefined load without failing. However, the PMMA method provided significant more rigidity (p ≤ 0.05) and also best resisted the gradual increase in load, supporting a significantly higher maximum force (p ≤ 0.05). There was no statistical difference in flexural strength between the transarticular lag screws and plate groups. The polyaxial screws method was significantly less resistant to loading (p ≤ 0.05) than the other groups. Conclusions: The PMMA technique had biomechanical advantages in ventral atlantoaxial stabilization over the other evaluated methods

High seroprevalence of Leishmania infantum is linked to immune activation in people with HIV: a two-stage cross-sectional study in Bahia, Brazil

Visceral leishmaniasis is an opportunistic disease in HIV-1 infected individuals, unrecognized as a determining factor for AIDS diagnosis. The growing geographical overlap of HIV-1 and Leishmania infections is an emerging challenge worldwide, as co-infection increases morbidity and mortality for both infections. Here, we determined the prevalence of people living with HIV (PWH) with a previous or ongoing infection by Leishmania infantum and investigated the virological and immunological factors associated with co-infection. We adopted a two-stage cross-sectional cohort (CSC) design (CSC-I, n = 5,346 and CSC-II, n = 317) of treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals in Bahia, Brazil. In CSC-I, samples collected between 1998 and 2013 were used for serological screening for leishmaniasis by an in-house Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) with SLA (Soluble Leishmania infantum Antigen), resulting in a prevalence of previous or ongoing infection of 16.27%. Next, 317 PWH were prospectively recruited from July 2014 to December 2015 with the collection of sociodemographic and clinical data. Serological validation by two different immunoassays confirmed a prevalence of 15.46 and 8.20% by anti-SLA, and anti-HSP70 serology, respectively, whereas 4.73% were double-positive (DP). Stratification of these 317 individuals in DP and double-negative (DN) revealed a significant reduction of CD4+ counts and CD4+/CD8+ ratios and a tendency of increased viral load in the DP group, as compared to DN. No statistical differences in HIV-1 subtype distribution were observed between the two groups. However, we found a significant increase of CXCL10 (p = 0.0076) and a tendency of increased CXCL9 (p = 0.061) in individuals with DP serology, demonstrating intensified immune activation in this group. These findings were corroborated at the transcriptome level in independent Leishmania- and HIV-1-infected cohorts (Swiss HIV Cohort and Piaui Northeast Brazil Cohort), indicating that CXCL10 transcripts are shared by the IFN-dominated immune activation gene signatures of both pathogens and positively correlated to viral load in untreated PWH. This study demonstrated a high prevalence of PWH with L. infantum seropositivity in Bahia, Brazil, linked to IFN-mediated immune activation and a significant decrease in CD4+ levels. Our results highlight the urgent need to increase awareness and define public health strategies for the management and prevention of HIV-1 and L. infantum co-infection

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016