A Re-Examination of the Motivations for Using Substances Questionnaire: Motives for Alcohol and Simultaneous Alcohol and Marijuana Use

The growing body of research examining simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use suggests motivations for alcohol-only, marijuana-only, and SAM use, especially among college-aged people, warrant further examination to ultimately tailor interventions to not only specific substances but also the underlying motivations for using those substances. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to test the measurement invariance of a novel broadband motives measure, the Motivations for Using Substances Questionnaire (MUSQ), across alcohol-only, marijuana-only, and SAM users and further test motivations’ relationships to use-related problems. However, due to insufficient sample sizes of marijuana-only users (n = 175), the MUSQ was subjected to two-group invariance testing across alcohol-only (n = 461) and SAM users (n = 374). Confirmatory factor analysis of the MUSQ revealed an 8-factor baseline model that combined items developed from the MUSQ’s piloting study related to (a) reducing anxiety and unpleasant arousal, reducing negative affect, and increasing positive affect under one latent variable (Manage Emotional States; MES) and (b) using to manage negative social interactions with conformity motives under one latent variable (Manage Negative Social Interactions – Revised; MNSI-r). Configural and metric invariance were observed and partial invariance at the scalar level was demonstrated for the MUSQ across groups. SAM users tended to use more frequently for all motives except MNSI-r than alcohol-only users. MES motives consistently predicted use-related problems across groups. Thus, the MUSQ is a psychometrically appropriate assessment tool to evaluate meaningful differences in the reasons individuals use alcohol by itself and in combination with marijuana

The Development and Exploration of a Twelve-Factor Model of Motivations for Using Substances

The existing literature suggests inconsistent and limited application of various salient motives to use substances across substance classes and has been further limited by only measuring substance use motives by the frequency at which one uses for a given reason. The purpose of this study was the development and initial validation of the Motivations for Substance Use Questionnaire (MUSQ). The MUSQ was intended to be a more comprehensive measure identifying motives to use that have been selectively included in some measures and expanding the breadth of substances addressed. We also aimed to index and test cognitive aspects of the motives (i.e., wanting, and liking and satisfaction) for use-related patterns. Factor analysis (n = 367) indicated that the MUSQ was characterized by 12 factors: Reduce Anxiety/Unpleasant Arousal, Conformity, Effects of Other Substances, Relative Low Risk, Positive Social Interactions, Rebellion, Altered Perceptions/Experiential Processes, Performance/Arousal Enhancement, Increase Positive Affect, Manage Negative Social Interactions, Reduce Negative Affect, and Substitution. Regressions supported the predictability of wanting, but not liking and satisfaction, for severity and change variables. Canonical correlations were conducted to assess incremental validity of the MUSQ but were limited due to small effects and sample sizes. ANOVAs suggested salient motives differed by drug of choice. This measure may direct motivational interviewing dialogue by supporting change talk and may expand the current understanding of substance use motivation

Microstructures and Quartz Lattice-Preferred Orientations in the Eclogite-Bearing Migmatitic Gneisses of the D’Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea

Lattice preferred orientations (LPO) of quartz in gneiss domes of the D’Entrecasteaux Islands, Woodlark Rift shed insight into exhumation of the world’s youngest (~5–7Ma) eclogite-bearing terrane at cm/yr rates. We focus on deformation that affected the terrane as it transited between lower crustal depths and the surface, including: (1) grain-scale deformation mechanisms; and (2) style of flow and mode of emplacement of the domes. Electron-backscatter diffraction was used to analyze microstructure and LPOs of 37 quartzofeldspathic gneiss samples that enclose meter-scale mafic blocks preserving original eclogite-facies assemblages. During exhumation of the ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terrane, gneisses were retrogressed in the amphibolite facies at lower crustal depths. The LPOs change from dome cores to carapaces, consistent with decreasing deformational temperatures. In the relatively chilled outer carapaces of the domes, the quartz LPOs consist of mostly crossed-girdle [c]-axis patterns, with some cleft-girdle and small-circle LPOs, and record dislocation creep accommodated by mixed-slip. In the cores of the migmatitic domes, a chessboard pattern of subgrains is common, and quartz LPOs primarily record prism-[c] slip, probably at \u3e 630oC. Other microstructures indicate recovery by high-temperature grain-boundary migration. Grain-boundary mobility was anisotropic, leading to strong grain-shape fabrics oblique to foliation, but not obviously relatable to shear sense. Evidence for melt-present deformation is abundant, and microstructures (including partially dissolved feldspar grains) indicate some deformation by fluid-assisted grain-boundary diffusion creep. LPOs in carapace rocks are symmetrical, recording flow that was dominantly coaxial. We interpret the gneiss domes to have been emplaced into the rift as partially molten diapirs

Organization of heart failure management in European Society of Cardiology member countries: survey of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology in collaboration with the Heart Failure National Societies/Working Groups

AIMS: The aim of this document was to obtain a real-life contemporary analysis of the demographics and heart failure (HF) statistics, as well as the organization and major activities of the Heart Failure National Societies (HFNS) in European Society of Cardiology (ESC) member countries. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data from 33 countries were collected from HFNS presidents/representatives during the first Heart Failure Association HFNS Summit (Belgrade, Serbia, 29 October 2011). Data on incidence and/or prevalence of HF were available for 22 countries, and the prevalence of HF ranged between 1% and 3%. In five European and one non-European ESC country, heart transplantation was reported as not available. Natriuretic peptides and echocardiography are routinely applied in the management of acute HF in the median of 80% and 90% of centres, respectively. Eastern European and Mediterranean countries have lower availability of natriuretic peptide testing for acute HF patients, compared with other European countries. Almost all countries have organizations dealing specifically with HF. HFNS societies for HF patients exist in only 12, while in 16 countries HF patient education programmes are active. Most HFNS reported that no national HF registry exists in their country. Fifteen HFNS produced national HF guidelines, while 19 have translated the ESC HF guidelines. Most HFNS (n = 23) participated in the organization of the European HF Awareness Day. CONCLUSION: This document demonstrated significant heterogeneity in the organization of HF management, and activities of the national HF working groups/associations. High availability of natriuretic peptide and echocardiographic measurements was revealed, with differences between developed countries and countries in transition