Effects of R&D Costs on Profit of Producers of Oil Productions in Tehran Stock Exchange

Abstract. In this paper, we survey effects of firm’ size, firm’ age, capital to endowment, debt to endowment, advertisement cost and R&D cost on profit of producers of oil productions in Tehran stock exchange. We use from data of period 2004-2014 and estimate model with panel method. Results of estimation reveal that capital to endowment, age and R&D cost have positive effect on these firm’s profit and firm’ size, debt to endowment and advertisement cost have negative effect on our firm’s profit.Keywords. R&D Cost, Oil Productions, Profit, Advertisement Cost.JEL. Q54, H27, E31

Survey Effects of Oil Income on Nonoil Export (Case Study: Iran)

Abstract. There are so much oil and gas reserves in Iran. Therefore extraction from these reserves and sell extracted oil and gas in international markets causes to high oil income for Iran. Especially in some years which oil price increases, our oil income was too high. In this paper, we want to reveal that, is high oil income caused to rise nonoil export? For this aim, we use from data of 1970-2013 and with Johansen co-integration test and Error Correction Model (ECM) extract short run and long run relations. Results of estimation reveal that in Iran high oil income did not cause to many non oil export in long run and short run. Therefore, we should allocate oil income to import industrial machines and reallocate them to agriculture and industrial sectors which causes to rise national production which will cause to high non oil export. Then, in this condition, our needy exchanges are provided from non oil export and our dependence to oil income will be declined.Keywords. Oil Income, Nonoil Export, Decline Dependence to Oil Income, Error Correction Model.JEL. Q32, C12

Recovery Following Proximal Humerus Fracture

There is currently a glaring gap in the existing knowledge to address individuals’ experiences while recovering from a proximal humeral fracture (PHF). The main objective of this dissertation was to understand better how recovery is perceived by individuals after PHF. This overarching objective aligned well with the broad conceptualization of the issue at hand as those provided by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Three inter-linked studies were conducted to provide a broader picture of recovery after PHF. The first study was a systematic review of prognostic factors predicting recovery after PHF in adults. This review demonstrated the complexity of recovery through a range of multi-factorial biopsychosocial factors that are inter-connected. To describe recovery after PHF as well as facilitators/barriers and preferences to exercise from individuals’ perspectives, two studies were performed: a descriptive cross-sectional survey and a semi-structured interview. A convenience sample of 59 individuals with PHF aged ≥45 participated in the survey study and completed three self-reported validated questionnaires. The most important outcomes for participants were tapped into the daily activities and social roles. Forty-seven out of 59 participants rated themselves ‘unable’ to perform recreational activities after PHF. The main facilitators and barriers to exercise belonged to the contextual (person-environment) factors. The semi-structured interview study provided an in-depth understanding of recovery as well as facilitators and barriers to exercise through interviewing 14 individuals with PHF as a subset of those who participated in the survey. Thematic analysis used to analyze participants’ narratives revealed two core concepts: self and social connectedness. The interpretation process of interviews provided a deeper understanding of the experience of recovery, what it means and why it matters to individuals themselves. The integration of quantitative and qualitative data provided insight into the perceived recovery expectations, and a number of contextual factors that are involved in the process of recovery perceptions. One key message from this work was that person-environment factors deeply influence individuals’ perceptions on recovery, and what facilitators and barriers to exercise are through their eyes

Valuing of Cultural Heritage in Iran, Case Study: Kakh Sadabad

Cultural heritage is in a bad position in some countries especially in Iran Thus there is not any restoration and reservation program for repair of Cultural heritage in some developing countries as Iran In this paper I apply contingent valuation CV to estimate Kakh sadabad visitor s willingness to pay and factors which effect on it At least I use from results of a questionnaire for calculate the average willingness to pay of Kakh sadabad visitor

Métodos para la previsión de los precios del gas

The difficulty in gas price forecasting has attracted much attention of academic researchers and business practitioners. Various methods have been tried to solve the problem of forecasting gas prices however, all of the existing models of prediction cannot meet practical needs. In this paper, a novel hybrid intelligent framework is developed by applying a systematic integration of GMDH neural networks with GA and Rule-based Exert System (RES) employs for gas price forecasting. In this paper we use a new method for extract the rules and compare different methods for gas price forecasting. Our research reveals that during the recent financial crisis period by employing hybrid intelligent framework for gas price forecasting, we obtain better forecasting results compared to the GMDH neural networks and MLF neural networks and results will be so better when we employ hybrid intelligent system with for gas price volatility forecastingLa dificultad de la previsión de los precios del gas ha atraído considerablemente la atención de los investigadores universitarios y los profesionales del sector. A pesar de que se ha intentado solucionar el problema de la previsión de los precios del gas con diferentes métodos, ninguno de los modelos de predicción existentes llegan a cumplir con las necesidades prácticas. En este artículo, se ha desarrollado un novedoso sistema inteligente híbrido mediante la aplicación de la integración sistemática de redes neuronales de tipo Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) con algoritmos genéticos (AG) y un sistema experto basado en reglas (SER) a la previsión de los precios del gas. Igualmente, utilizamos un nuevo método para extraer las reglas y comparar los diferentes métodos para la previsión de los precios del gas. Nuestra investigación revela que durante la reciente crisis económica se obtienen mejores resultados utilizando un sistema inteligente híbrido para la previsión de los precios del gas, en comparación con las redes neuronales de tipo GMDH y de tipo Multi-Layer Feed-forward (MLF), y que los resultados mejorarán si utilizamos un sistema inteligente híbrido en la previsión de la volatilidad de los precios del ga

A comparative study of the impact of sanctions on the oil and cement companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange: Forecasting and Future Trends

Imposing sanctions can have several malicious effects on a developed or developing economy and Iran is not an exception to this matter. The main purpose of this paper is to determine whether imposing oil sanctions have a significant impact on oil, gas and petroleum companies’ capital structure or not. Furthermore, a comparison between oil industry and cement industry and a prediction of oil companies’ capital structure trend are conducted. The most innovative aspect of our study is to evaluate the influence of sanctions on a firm-specific variable rather than macroeconomic level. To address this problem, we investigate oil and cement companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2006 to 2018. The leverage ratio indicating capital structure, sanction dummy variable and ROA, tangibility of assets, capital market return, economic growth and inflation rate are dependent variable, independent variable and control variables, respectively. The data are obtained from companies’ financial statements and we use OLS regression to estimate our equations. The results indicate that the 2012 oil sanctions against Iran affect the oil companies’ leverage ratio negatively and the future trend reveals that the share of equity in capital structure will increase. Moreover, we inspect no significant relationship between oil sanctions and cement companies’ capital structure. Therefore, government policymakers should plan strategies to lift or limit the oil sanctions and oil corporate managers should find some reasonable routes for balancing their companies’ capital structure to exploit debt financing benefits

Determination of Wages and Exchange Rate with Game Theory

Abstract. In every country, wages are determined by Nash rule or governments determine wages. According to Nash equilibrium, policy of determination wages is respect to exchange rate and there is a game between NWC and MAS. In this paper, we survey a game theory method to survey policy of determination wages and exchange rate to stability economics. When exchange rate increases, import good's price rise and we have cost push inflation, therefore wages are increased and then we have unemployment. Then wages are determined respect to exchange rate changes. But in real world, some conditions affected on Nash equilibrium and wages are determined as non Nash method and government equals between benefits of workers and principals. In this paper, we survey wage making in Iran and reveal that in some courtiers such as Iran, government determines wages and create equilibrium in labor market.Keywords. Wage, Exchange rate, Nash Equilibrium, Inflation, Game theory method.JEL. Q30, Q31, Q32

The relationships between meaning & purpose in life, hope, and psychosocial development

Due to the character of the original source materials and the nature of batch digitization, quality control issues may be present in this document. Please report any quality issues you encounter to [email protected], referencing the URI of the item.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 16).Existential psychology attempts to enhance psychological well-being through the awareness of meaning and purpose in life. Similarly, counseling theories based on Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development promote mental health and successful growth. This study investigates the relationships between meaning and purpose in life, hope, and psychosocial development. Subjects were asked to complete four self-report inventories (a measure of personal meaning, a measure of psychosocial development, and two measures of hope). Correlational analyses of the gathered data reveal that there are significant correlations between high meaning, successful development, and high hope. Although comparisons of scores on all four measures generated significant correlations, the Herth Hope Scale consistently produced higher correlations with the two other measures than the scores from the Snyder Hope Scale. These results suggest that the Herth Hope Scale, which contains a spiritual component, may relate better to constructs of meaning and purpose and successful psychosocial development which also reflects a spiritual nature

Water demand modelling using evolutionary computation techniques: integrating water equity and justice for realization of the sustainable development goals

The purpose of this review is to establish and classify the diverse ways in which evolutionary computation (EC) techniques have been employed in water demand modelling and to identify important research challenges and future directions. This review also investigates the potentials of conventional EC techniques in influencing water demand management policies beyond an advisory role while recommending strategies for their use by policy-makers with the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in perspective. This review ultimately proposes a novel integrated water demand and management modelling framework (IWDMMF) that enables water policy-makers to assess the wider impact of water demand management decisions through the principles of egalitarianism, utilitarianism, libertarianism and sufficientarianism. This is necessary to ensure that water policy decisions incorporate equity and justice. Environmental science; Applied computing; Computing methodology; Civil engineering; Process modeling; Hydrology; evolutionary computation; water justice; water demand; Artificial intelligence; water equity; Sustainable development goal