Evaluation of Urban Growth Using Remote Sensing and GIS Tools Case Study on Thanjavur City, Tamil Nadu, India

Evaluation of urban expansion and its use play a vital role in effective urban management in terms of providing water supply, storm water drainage, sewerage and solid waste collection. In recent years, the significance of spatial data technologies, especially the application of remotely sensed data, has increased and geographical information systems (GIS) have been widely used. This study investigates the urbanization process in terms of land use, built up density and sprawl using remotely sensed images of Thanjavur City, located in Tamil Nadu State of India, as a case study and (GIS). The changes in the land use were analyzed from a topographical map of 1970, images from a ETM+ EarthSat 1999 and IRS P6, 2006. The results revealed significant changes in land use and proportion of high, medium and low density built up area. Further, it has been identified that in the study area dominates the leapfrog sprawl rather than low density and ribbon sprawl

Estimation of Surface Run-off for Urban Area Using Integrated Remote Sensing and GIS Approach

Urban run-off increases significantly due to increased impervious area and reduced drainage network. Evaluation of land use in urban area plays a vital role as input to the estimation of runoff. The hydrological design standard for urban water resources planning and management is commonly based on the frequency of occurrence of heavy rainfall events. In the present study, the occurrence of most frequent heavy rainfall event is investigated for Thanjavur town, located in the State of Tamilnadu, India and used for estimation of run-off depth. The Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) is used for evaluating run-off depth value for event rainfall starting from 10 mm to 400 mm. The land use detail for the study area was obtained by integration of GIS and remote sensing. The spatial variation of event rainfall is considered with certain percentage of deviation from base rainfall for each triangle area that contributes to the run-off. The results of the analysis indicate that the study area can produce the run-off volume more than that required for urban water management at an average seasonal rainfall

Multi-Objective Optimization of Construction Project Time-Cost-Quality Trade - off Using Differential Evolution Algorithm

Time and cost are among the important aspects considered for every construction project. Many research approaches have been followed to model time-cost relationship. There is a constant rise in the use of innovative contract methods which provide incentives for maximizing quality. There is an increasing pressure to improve the project performance due to the innovative contracting methods which necessitate developing models incorporating quality along with time and cost. A main contractor normally subcontracts most of the tasks of a project for improving project performance. It is always a complex and challenging task for a main contractor, to choose a correct bid which satisfies the time, cost and quality requirements of a project. In the present study, a differential evolution algorithm is used to solve this multi-objective time-cost-quality optimization problem. Two case studies are analyzed and the results obtained compared with the existing approaches to test the applicability and efficiency of the algorithm. It is evident from the results that the differential evolution algorithm performs efficiently in locating the optimal solution with minimum function evaluation

Optimisation procedure for pipe-sizing with break-repair and replacement economics

The importance of incorporating break-repair costs and pipe-replacement costs in optimal design of a water distribution network is highlighted and demonstrated with a hypothetical network. Deterioration due to ageing of pipes requires expensive maintenance and causes inconvenience. The number of breaks generally increases exponentially with pipe age and smalldiameter pipes are more likely to break than large-diameter pipes. After a certain age, it would be more cost-effective to replace the pipes than to repair them. The optimisation models which do not consider the maintenance costs tend to result in smaller pipe sizes. The proposed model incorporates both the repair cost and the replacement cost in addition to initial cost. The proposed model is demonstrated by applying it to a 2-loop network. Incorporating pipe-break and replacement economics into optimisation leads to slightly larger diameter pipes. The analysis also reveals that consideration of repair/replacement is essential if the pipe breaks cause high economic impact, the pipe-break growth rate increases fast and discount rate is low. For the example network considered, for a typical set of values, the cost benefit is as much as 12.92%. For cases with low breakage rates, incorporating repair/replacement has been found to make no practical difference. The results show that considering pipe break and pipe replacement in optimisation is important as this could save considerable amounts of money over the lifetime.Keywords: water distribution network, pipe-break analysis, optimisation, network design, economic

Approximating Clustering for Memory Management and request processing

Clustering is a crucial tool for analyzing data in virtually every scientific and engineering discipline. There are more scalable solutions framed to enable time and space clustering for the future large-scale data analyses. As a result, hardware and software innovations that can significantly improve data efficiency and performance of the data clustering techniques are necessary to make the future large-scale data analysis practical. This paper proposes a novel mechanism for computing bit-serial medians. We propose a novel method, two-parameter terms that enables in computation within the data array

Quantitative Analysis of Gallic Acid and Ellagic Acid in Triphala Churnam Tablet Formulation by Rp-Hplc.

Ayurveda, the ancient system of herbal medicine is growing popular worldwide, but a number of factors such as standardization and stability studies are still at an infant stage for an ayurvedic product. The drug analysis plays an important role in the development of drugs, their manufacture and therapeutic use. These drugs may be in single component or multi-component dosage forms. The multi-component dosage forms prove to be effective due to the combined mode of action on the body. The complexity of dosage forms including multiple drug entities possesses considerable challenge to the analytical chemist during the development of assay procedures for ayurvedic formulations. For the estimation of drugs present in multi-component ayurvedic formulations, chromatographic methods are considered to be more suitable than spectrophotome tric methods due to its very high sensitivity. The present study deals with the development of new RP-HPLC method for the estimation of gallic acid and ellagic acid in the triphala churnam tablet formulation and then validation of the method as per ICH guidelines (International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirement for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human use; Plan: Study the physicochemical properties of drug (pH, solubility and molecular weight, selection of chromatographic conditions (mobile phase, column, flow rate, etc.), Optimization of the method, Study of system suitability parameters, validation of proposed method and applying developed method to marketed formulation. For gallic acid: A simple reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method exploying symmetry shield C-18 column has been developed for analysis of gallic acid. Good separation was achieved by employing an isocratic system using acetonitrile and 0.01 % phosphate buffer. The detection was carried out at 270 nm. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness and ruggedness. The elution was carried out with a mixture of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer pH adjusted to 4.5 and the ratio 80: 20 at a constant flow rate 1 ml/min. The analytical wavelength was 270 nm. The developed HPLC method is simple, accurate and reproducible the following advantages. It uses simple symmetry shield C-18 column under less consumption of the mobile phase consist of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH 4.5) and also less run time. So this method can be used as a routine analytical tool for the analysis of gallic acid in herbal formulations. In the present study the gallic acid content of 3.06 mg per tablet was observed in triphala churnam tablet formulation. For ellagic acid : A simple reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method exploying symmetry shield C-18 column has been developed for analysis of ellagic acid. Good separation was achieved by employing an isocratic system using acetonitrile and 0.01 % phosphate buffer. The detection was carried out at 254 nm. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness and ruggedness. The elution was carried out with a mixture of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer pH adjusted to 4.5 and the ratio 80: 20 at a constant flow rate 1 ml/min. The analytical wavelength was 254 nm. The developed HPLC method is simple, accurate and reproducible the following advantages. It uses simple symmetry shield C-18 column under the less consumption of mobile phase consist of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH 4.5) and also less run time. So this method can be used as a routine analytical tool for the analysis of ellagic acid in herbal formulations. In the present study the ellagic acid content of 0.955 mg per tablet was observed in triphala churnam tablet formulation

Impact Response of Hammerhead Pier Fibrous Concrete Beams Designed with Topology Optimization

Reducing the weight of concrete beams is a primary (beyond strength and durability) concern of engineers. Therefore, this research was directed to investigate the impact response of hammerhead pier concrete beams designed with density-based method topology optimization. The finite element topology optimization was conducted using Autodesk fusion 360 considering three different mesh sizes of 7 mm, 10 mm, and adaptive meshing. Three optimized hammerhead beam configurations; HB1, HB2, and HB3, respectively, with volume reductions greater than 50 %. In the experimental part of this research, nine beams were cast with identical size and configuration to the optimized beams. Three beams, identical to the optimized beams, were tested under static bending for verification purposes. In comparison, six more beams, as in the preceding three beams but without and with hooked end steel fibers, were tested under repeated impact load. The test results revealed that the highest flexural capacity and impact resistance at crack initiation and failure were recorded for the adaptive mesh beams (HB3 and HB3SF). The failure impact energy and ductility ratio of the beam HB3SF was higher than the beams HB1SF and HB2SF by more than 270 %. The results showed that the inclusion of steel fiber duplicated the optimized beam’s impact strength and ductility several times. The failure impact resistance of fibrous beams was higher than their corresponding plain beams by approximately 2300 to4460 %, while their impact ductility ratios were higher by 6.0 to 18.1 times

COMPACT DFA: A VARIABLE STRIDE PATTERN MATCHING ALGORITHM TO PERFORM PATTERN MATCHES USING HEXA

In any network identifying the intruders while packet transferring is done by using pattern matching. In every intrusion detection system different pattern matching approaches are used. One of the approach is construction of DFA to identify the exact pattern in the system. But memory usage and memory bandwidth are the bottleneck for the DFA construction. In this paper we propose an algorithm which identifies the pattern as variable strides i.e., it uses the block oriented approach instead of bit oriented process. It is a multiple pattern matching algorithm with minimum memory usage. With including the algorithm, we propose a compact DFA which does not use addition memory for traversing in the graph to identify the pattern. Using all these approaches the throughput of the system can be increased in many folds at minimum cost

A combined NLP-differential evolution algorithm approach for the optimization of looped water distribution systems

This paper proposes a novel optimization approach for the least cost design of looped water distribution systems (WDSs). Three distinct steps are involved in the proposed optimization approach. In the first step, the shortest-distance tree within the looped network is identified using the Dijkstra graph theory algorithm, for which an extension is proposed to find the shortest-distance tree for multisource WDSs. In the second step, a nonlinear programming (NLP) solver is employed to optimize the pipe diameters for the shortest-distance tree (chords of the shortest-distance tree are allocated the minimum allowable pipe sizes). Finally, in the third step, the original looped water network is optimized using a differential evolution (DE) algorithm seeded with diameters in the proximity of the continuous pipe sizes obtained in step two. As such, the proposed optimization approach combines the traditional deterministic optimization technique of NLP with the emerging evolutionary algorithm DE via the proposed network decomposition. The proposed methodology has been tested on four looped WDSs with the number of decision variables ranging from 21 to 454. Results obtained show the proposed approach is able to find optimal solutions with significantly less computational effort than other optimization techniques.Feifei Zheng, Angus R. Simpson and Aaron C. Zecchi

GALAXY: A new hybrid MOEA for the Optimal Design of Water Distribution Systems

This is the final version of the article. Available from American Geophysical Union via the DOI in this record.The first author would like to appreciate the financial support given by both the University of Exeter and the China Scholarship Council (CSC) toward the PhD research. We also appreciate the three anonymous reviewers, who help improve the quality of this paper substantially. The source code of the latest versions of NSGA-II and ε-MOEA can be downloaded from the official website of Kanpur Genetic Algorithms Laboratory via http://www.iitk.ac.in/kangal/codes.shtml. The description of each benchmark problem used in this paper, including the input file of EPANET and the associated best-known Pareto front, can be accessed from the following link to the Centre for Water Systems (http://tinyurl.com/cwsbenchmarks/). GALAXY can be accessed via http://tinyurl.com/cws-galaxy