Une évaluation de la vitesse de l'accumulation superficielle de matière par la faune du sol à partir de la datation des charbons et de l'humine du sol : exemple des latosols des versants du lac Campestre, Salitre, Minas Gerais, Brésil

La datation des charbons ainsi que de l'humine, à diverses profondeurs, dans une couverture latosolique, en haut, quart supérieur et mi-pente, amène, par la similitude des variations des âges obtenus en fonction de la profondeur, à attribuer l'enfouissement des charbons et de l'humine à l'accumulation superficielle de matière par la faune. La vitesse de cet enfouissement varie dans les trois profils de 0,21 à 0,23 mm par an. (Résumé d'auteur

Relações pedológicas e isotópicas de uma turfeira na Serra do Espinhaço Meridional - MG

The evolution of organic matter sources in soil is related to climate and vegetation dynamics in the past recorded in paleoenvironmental Quaternary deposits such as peatlands. For this reason, a Histosol of the mineralotrophic peatland from the Pau-de-Fruta Special Protection Area - SPA, Espinhaço Meridional, State of Minas Gerais, was described and characterized to evidence the soil constituent materials and properties as related to changes in environmental conditions, supported by the isotopic and elementary characterization of soil C and N and 14C ages. Samples were collected in a depression at 1,350 m asl, where Histosols are possibly more developed due to the great thickness (505 cm). Nowadays, the area is colonized by vegetation physiognomies of the Cerrado Biome, mainly rocky and wet fields (Campo Rupestre and Campo Úmido), aside from fragments of Semidecidual Seasonal Forest, called Capões forests. The results this study showed that early the genesis of the analyzed soil profile showed a high initial contribution of mostly herbaceous organic matter before 8,090 ± 30 years BP (14C age). In the lower-mid Holocene, between 8,090 ± 30 years AP (14C age) to ± 4,100 years BP (interpolated age), the vegetation gradually became more woody, with forest expansion, possibly due to increased humidity, suggesting the existence of a more woody Cerrado in the past than at present. Drier climate conditions than the current were concluded ± 2,500 years BP (interpolated age) and that after 430 years BP (14C age) the forest gave way to grassland, predominantly. After the dry season, humidity increased to the current conditions. Due to these climate fluctuations during the Holocene, three decomposition stages of organic matter were observed in the Histosols of this study, with prevalence of the most advanced (sapric), typical of a deposit in a highly advanced stage of pedogenetic evolution.A evolução das fontes de matéria orgânica no solo está relacionada com a dinâmica do clima e da vegetação durante épocas passadas, representadas pelos registros paleoambientais em depósitos quaternários como as turfeiras. Por esta razão, um organossolo da turfeira mineralotrófica da Área de Proteção Especial - APE Pau-de-Fruta, Serra do Espinhaço Meridional, MG foi descrito e caracterizado com a finalidade de evidenciar os materiais constituintes e os atributos do solo relacionados às mudanças das condições do ambiente, apoiados pela caracterização isotópica e elementar do C e N do solo e idades 14C. A amostragem foi realizada em uma depressão localizada a 1.350 m de altitude, onde possivelmente os Organossolos são mais desenvolvidos, devido à elevada espessura de 505 cm. A turfeira atualmente é colonizada por fisionomias vegetais do Bioma Cerrado, principalmente Campo Rupestre e Campo Úmido, além de alguns redutos de ilhas de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, denominados Capões de Mata. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que a gênese inicial do perfil de solo estudado, antes de 8.090 ± 30 anos AP (idade 14C), apresentou elevada contribuição de uma matéria orgânica mais herbácea, e gradualmente no Holoceno Inferior/Médio, entre 8.090 ± 30 anos AP (idade14C) a ± 4.100 anos AP (idade interpolada), a vegetação tornou-se mais lenhosa, com expansão de uma mata, possivelmente devido ao aumento de umidade, sugerindo a existência no passado de um Cerrado mais lenhoso que o atual. Condições de um clima mais seco que o atual foi verificado em ± 2.500 anos AP (idade interpolada) e após 430 anos AP (idade14C), quando a mata regrediu, predominando a vegetação de campo. Após o período mais seco, a umidade aumentou até as condições atuais. Em meio a essas flutuações climáticas durante o Holoceno, o Organossolo em estudo apresentou três estádios de decomposição da matéria orgânica, com predomínio do mais avançado (sáprico), característico de um depósito em estágio de evolução pedogenético altamente avançado.(FAPESP) São Paulo Research Foundatio

Uncoupling human and climate drivers of late Holocene vegetation change in southern Brazil

In the highlands of southern Brazil an anthropogenitcally driven expansion of forest occurred at the expense of grasslands between 1410 and 900cal BP, coincident with a period of demographic and cultural change in the region. Previous studies have debated the relative contributions of increasing wetter and warmer climate conditions and human landscape modifcations to forest expansion, but generally lacked high resoltiuon proxies to measure these efects, or have relied on single proxies to reconstruct both climate and vegetation. Here, we develop and test a model of natural ecosystem distribution against vegetation histories, paleoclimate proxies, and the archaeological record to distinguish human from temperature and precipitation impacts on the distribution and expansion of Araucaria forests during the late Holocene. Carbon isotopes from soil profles confrm that in spite of climatic fuctuations, vegetation was stable and forests were spatially limited to south-facing slopes in the absence of human inputs. In contrast, forest management strategies for the past 1400 years expanded this economically important forest beyond its natural geographic boundaries in areas of dense pre-Columbian occupation, suggesting that landscape modifcations were linked to demographic changes, the efects of which are still visible today

Amazon Basin forest pyrogenic carbon stocks: First estimate of deep storage

Amazon Basin forest soils contain considerable soil organic carbon stocks; however, the contribution of soil pyrogenic carbon (PyC) to the total is unknown. PyC is derived from local fires (historical and modern) and external inputs via aeolian deposition. To establish an initial estimate of PyC stocks in non-terra preta forest with no known history of fire, to assess site and vertical variability, as well as to determine optimal sampling design, we sampled 37 one hectare forest plots in the Amazon Basin and analysed PyC via hydrogen pyrolysis of three individual samples per plot and of bulked samples to 200 cm depth. Using our data and published total organic carbon stocks, we present the first field-based estimate of total PyC stock for the Amazon Basin of 1.10 Pg over 0–30 cm soil depth, and 2.76 Pg over 0–100 cm soil depth. This is up to 20 times higher than previously assumed. Three individual samples per 1 ha are sufficient to capture the site variability of PyC in our plots. PyC showed significant, large-scale variability among plots. To capture 50% of the PyC in 200 cm soil profiles, soil must be sampled to a depth of at least 71 cm. PyC represents a significant (11%) portion of total organic carbon in soil profiles 0–200 cm depth. This finding highlights the potentially important role that historical fire has played in modifying soil C stocks. Our data suggest that PyC is an important carbon pool for long-term storage, involved in millennial scale biogeochemical cycling, particularly in the subsurface soil

Inferências sobre Vegetação e Clima no Holoceno a partir de Fitólitos e Pólen da Lagoa do Macuco, Litoral Norte do Estado do Espírito Santo (Brasil)

[EN] An interproxy approach focused on phytoliths and pollen, including radiocarbon dating and sediment particle-size analyses, has been carried out at Lagoa do Macuco, Linhares municipality, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Three pollen zones were identified: the first one (MAC-C I) indicates the presence of mangrove vegetation between 7700 cal yr BP and 4396 cal yr BP; the second one a displacement of the vegetation from the lower areas to the more elevated margins of the valley (MAC-C II, from between 4396 to 1287 cal. yr BP) and third one (MAC-C III), representing the period of the current lake evolution, between 1287 cal. yr BP and the present day. The displacement of the mangrove seems to be connected to the landward migration of the palaeo-estuary and the flooding of the lower parts of the valley, reflecting the relative sea-level highstand, which occurred after 7000 cal yr BP. The phytolith analysis indicated four main zone. The phytolith zone I (7700-7100 cal yr BP) did not show the presence of phytoliths. The phytoliths zone II (7100-3400 cal yr BP) indicates the presence of an open vegetation predominantly of grasses while phytolith zone III (3400-400 cal yr BP) shows a phase with more forested vegetation. Finally, the phytolith zone IV (400 cal yr BP to modern) has a decrease in tree cover and the setting of vegetation with a strong grasses component. Phytoliths indices indicate trends of humidity and temperature at a more local scale, allowing understanding the environmental conditions during the formation of the current lake.[PT] Uma abordagem interproxy focada na análise de fitólitos e de grãos de pólen, também incluindo datação 14C e análise granulométrica de sedimentos, foi aplicada ao estudo da Lagoa do Macuco, em Linhares no Estado do Espírito Santo. Foram identificadas três zonas polínicas definidas com base nas mudanças do registro polínico, a primeira (MAC-C I) indicando a presença de uma vegetação de mangue entre 7700 anos cal AP e 4396 anos cal AP, a segunda (MAC-C II) que representa o deslocamento da vegetação das áreas mais baixas para as partes marginais mais elevadas do vale (4396 anos cal AP - 1287 anos cal AP) e a terceira (MAC-C III) que representa o período da instalação do atual lago, entre 1287 anos cal AP e os dias atuais. O deslocamento do mangue parece estar conectado a migração em direção ao paleo-estuário e o alagamento das partes baixas do vale, refletindo a elevação do nível relativo do mar depois de 7000 cal anos AP. A análise fitolítica indicou quatro zonas principais. A zona fitolítica I (7700-7100 anos cal AP), não apresentou fitólitos. A zona fitolítica II (7100-3400 anos cal AP) indica a presença de uma vegetação predominantemente composta por gramíneas, enquanto a zona fitolítica III (3400-400 anos cal AP) mostrou uma fase com uma vegetação mais florestada. Finalmente, a zona fitolítica IV, (400 anos cal AP até os dias atuais) apresentou decréscimo da cobertura arbórea e uma estrutura de vegetação com forte presença de gramíneas em sua composição. Os índices fitolíticos indicaram tendência de umidade e temperatura em escala local permitindo a compreensão das condições ambientais durante a formação do lago atual.The authors express their gratitude to Vale and Sooretama Nature Reserves (Linhares, ES, Brasil) for the field support. This work received financial support by the São Paulo Foundation for Research (FAPESP), grant 2011/00995-7, and CNPq (Universal), grant 470210/2012-5.Peer Reviewe

Holocene Vegetation and Climate inferences from Phytoliths and Pollen from Lagoa do Macuco, North Coast of Espírito Santo State (Brazil)

An interproxy approach focused on phytoliths and pollen, including radiocarbon dating and sediment particle-size analyses, has been carried out at Lagoa do Macuco, Linhares municipality, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Three pollen zones were identified: the first one (MAC-C I) indicates the presence of mangrove vegetation between 7700 cal yr BP and 4396 cal yr BP; the second one a displacement of the vegetation from the lower areas to the more elevated margins of the valley (MAC-C II, from between 4396 to 1287 cal. yr BP) and third one (MAC-C III), representing the period of the current lake evolution, between 1287 cal. yr BP and the present day. The displacement of the mangrove seems to be connected to the landward migration of the palaeo-estuary and the flooding of the lower parts of the valley, reflecting the relative sea-level highstand, which occurred after 7000 cal yr BP. The phytolith analysis indicated four main zone. The phytolith zone I (7700-7100 cal yr BP) did not show the presence of phytoliths. The phytoliths zone II (7100-3400 cal yr BP) indicates the presence of an open vegetation predominantly of grasses while phytolith zone III (3400-400 cal yr BP) shows a phase with more forested vegetation. Finally, the phytolith zone IV (400 cal yr BP to modern) has a decrease in tree cover and the setting of vegetation with a strong grasses component. Phytoliths indices indicate trends of humidity and temperature at a more local scale, allowing understanding the environmental conditions during the formation of the current lake

Reconstituição paleoambiental da Vereda Carrasco da Raposa, Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral, MG, Brasil, por meio de estudos palinológico e isotópico

Pollen and stable isotopes (C and N) analyses from sediments of Carrasco da Raposa palm swamp (VCR) allowed the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the last 21,000 years in the region of the Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral- PESC, MG, Brazil. The results demonstrated that during the influence of Last Glacial Maximum, between 21,150 and 18,850 cal. years BP, the climate conditions in the Serra do Cabral were colder and less humid than in the present; between 1,850 and 3,550 cal. years BP a warmer and wetter climate was recorded; from 1,650 cal. years BP the establishment of the palm swamp occurred in the studied area. Concerning the phytophysionomic changes, a succession of vegetation with a predominance of grassland formations was observed: “Campo Limpo” associated with forest formations at the base, “Campo Sujo” and “Campo Rupestre” associated with Cerrado forest formations in the middle, and the installation of the palm swamp with the presence of Mauritia flexuosa trees towards the top. The isotopic data (C and N) indicated that between 21,150 and 6,500 cal. years BP, there was a probable mixture of C3 and C4 plants as sedimentary organic matter source, but with the predominance of C3 plants, with δ13C values of ~-24 ‰ to -21.5 ‰. Values of C/N (1.5 to 11.5) suggested the predominance of phytoplankton and the δ15N values (3.5 ‰ to ~1.0 ‰) evidenced the mixture of algae and land plants. Around 3,550 cal. years BP to the present, there has been a decrease in the values of C/N (1.5 to ~6), confirming a flooded environment with greater influence of algae in the sedimentary organic matter.A análise palinológica e de isótopos estáveis (C e N) dos sedimentos da Vereda Carrasco da Raposa (VCR) permitiu a reconstituição paleoambiental dos últimos 21.000 anos AP na região do Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral (PESC), MG, Brasil. Os resultados mostraram que durante a influência do Último Máximo Glacial, entre 21.150 e 18.850 anos cal. AP, as condições climáticas na Serra do Cabral eram mais frias e com menor umidade do que as atuais; entre 18.850 e 3.550 anos cal. AP o clima passou a ser mais quente e com maior umidade; a partir de 1.650 anos cal. AP houve o estabelecimento da vereda, em condições semelhantes e/ou comparáveis às atuais. Quanto às mudanças fitofisionômicas, foi observada uma sucessão da vegetação com predomínio de Formações Campestres do Cerrado associadas a traços de Formações Florestais na base, Campo Sujo Úmido e Campo Rupestre associados a elementos de mata típicos do Cerrado na porção mediana do perfil; em direção ao topo a partir de 1.650 anos cal. AP houve a instalação da vereda, com a ocorrência dos buritis (Mauritia flexuosa). Os dados isotópicos de C e N indicaram que entre 21.150 e 6.500 anos cal. AP havia uma provável mistura de plantas C3 e C4 como fonte da matéria orgânica sedimentar, mas com o predomínio de plantas C3, com valores de δ13C entre ~-24‰ e -21,5‰. Os valores de C/N (1,5 a 11,5) indicaram o predomínio de fitoplâncton e os valores de δ15N (3,5‰ a ~1,0‰) evidenciaram a mistura de algas e plantas terrestres. Em torno de 3.550 anos cal. AP até o presente a diminuição nos valores de C/N (1,5 a ~6) confirmou um ambiente alagado e com maior influência algal na composição da matéria orgânica sedimentar

Interdisciplinary paleovegetation study in the Fernando de Noronha Island (Pernambuco State), northeastern Brazil

The aim of this research was to reconstruct vegetation changes (with climate inferences) that occurred during the Holocene in the Fernando de Noronha Island, Pernambuco State, northeastern Brazil. The research approach included the use of geochemical (mineralogy, elemental), carbon isotopes (δ13C, 14C) and pollen analyses in soil organic matter (SOM) and sediments collected in Lagoa da Viração and Manguezal do Sueste. The carbon isotopes data of SOM indicated that there was no significant vegetation changes during the last 7400 BP, suggesting that the climate was not the determinant factor for the vegetation dynamics. The pollen analysis of the sediment of a core collected in the Lagoa da Viração showed the absence of Quaternary material in the period between 720 BP and 90 BP. The mineralogical analysis of deeper layer showed the presence of diopside indicating this material was developed "in situ". Only in the shallow part of the core were found pollen of similar plant species of the modern vegetation. The geochemistry and isotope results, in association with the sediment type and pollen analyses of sediment samples of Manguezal do Sueste, indicated variations in the vegetation and in its location since the middle Holocene. Such variations can be associated with climatic events and sea level oscillations and also with anthropogenic events considering the last five hundred years._________________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMO: Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de reconstruir trocas de vegetação (com referências climáticas) que ocorreram durante o Holoceno na ilha de Fernando de Noronha, Estado de Pernambuco, nordeste do Brasil. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa utilizou-se de análises geoquímicas (minerais, elementar), isótopos do carbono (δ13C, 14C) e análises polínicas em solos e sedimentos coletados na Lagoa da Viração e no manguezal do Sueste. Os isótopos do carbono dos solos indicaram que não houve trocas significativas de vegetação durante os últimos 7400 anos AP, sugerindo que o clima não foi um fator determinante para a dinâmica da vegetação. A análise polínica dos sedimentos da Lagoa da Viração mostrou ausência de elementos quaternários no período entre 720 AP e 90 AP. A análise mineralógica das camadas mais profundas mostrou a presença de diopsídeo, indicando que este material foi desenvolvido"in situ". Somente na parte superficial do testemunho foram encontrados palinomorfos de plantas similares à vegetação moderna. Os resultados geoquímicos e isotópicos, em associação com o tipo de sedimento e as análises polínicas das amostras de sedimento do Manguezal do Sueste, indicaram variações na vegetação e na sua localização desde o Holoceno médio. Tais variações podem estar associadas a eventos climáticos e oscilações do nível do mar e também a eventos antrópicos considerando os últimos quinhentos anos

Influence of production variables and starting material on charcoal stable isotopic and molecular characteristics

We present a systematic study on the effect of starting species, gas composition, temperature, particle size and duration of heating upon the molecular and stable isotope composition of high density (mangrove) and low density (pine) wood. In both pine and mangrove, charcoal was depleted in o13C relative to the starting wood by up to 1.6% and 0.8%, respectively. This is attributed predominantly to the progressive loss of isotopically heavier polysaccharides, and kinetic effects of aromatization during heating. However, the pattern of o13C change was dependant upon both starting species and atmosphere, with different structural changes associated with charcoal production from each wood type elucidated by Solid-State o13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. These are particularly evident at lower temperatures, where variation in the oxygen content of the production atmosphere results in differences in the thermal degradation of cellulose and lignin. It is concluded that production of charcoal from separate species in identical conditions, or from a single sample exposed to different production variables, can result in significantly different o13C of the resulting material, relative to the initial wood. These results have implications for the use of charcoal isotope composition to infer past environmental change