253 research outputs found

    Rheology and microstructure of experimentally deformed plagioclase suspensions

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    International audienceWe present the result of the first deformation experiments at high-temperatures and high-pressures on synthetic magmatic suspensions of strongly anisometric particles. The results highlight the interplay between the rheological response and the development of microstructures and they demonstrate the critical importance of the shape of crystals on the mechanical behaviour of magmas. Plagioclase suspensions with two crystal fractions (0.38 and 0.52) were deformed both in compression and in torsion in a Paterson apparatus. With increasing crystal fraction, the rheological behaviour of the magmatic suspension evolves from nearly steady-state flow to shear weakening, this change being correlated with a microstructural evolution from a pervasive strain to a strain partitioning fabric. Magmatic suspensions of plagioclase have viscosities approximately five orders of magnitude higher than suspensions of equivalent crystallinities made of isometric particles such as quartz

    Cartographie de la péridotite de Ronda (Espagne) par télédétection hyperspectrale : données AVIRIS

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    La pĂ©ridotite de Ronda, au sud de l’Andalousie (Espagne), a Ă©tĂ© imagĂ©e par AVIRIS en 1991 et partiellement Ă©chantillonnĂ©e par nous-mĂȘme sur le terrain Ă  l’aide d’un spectromĂštre GER 3700 en 1997 dans le but d’acquĂ©rir une expĂ©rience dans le traitement des images hyperspectrales des surfaces planĂ©taires Ă  l’aide de sondes telle que ISM Phobos (1989), OMEGA Mars Express (2003) and VIMS Cassini (2004). La haute rĂ©solution spectrale des images (224 canaux rĂ©partis entre 400 et 2 455 nm) est nĂ©cessaire Ă  la conduite d’une analyse gĂ©ologique avec identification Ă  distance des faciĂšs pĂ©trologiques. Sur Terre, il est aussi nĂ©cessaire de dĂ©terminer les espĂšces vĂ©gĂ©tales Ă  cause de leur grande influence sur la cartographie des faciĂšs pĂ©trologiques, mĂȘme dans des rĂ©gions relativement arides comme celle de la pĂ©ridotite de Ronda. Cependant, la pĂ©ridotite de Ronda reste un bon site test. L’image AVIRIS de Ronda est d’abord analysĂ©e par photo-interprĂ©tation. Des compositions colorĂ©es (affichĂ©es sur les canaux rouge, vert et bleu visibles) sont construites Ă  partir de 3 canaux visibles et/ou infrarouge choisis parmi les 150 canaux utiles (le dernier dĂ©tecteur AVIRIS ne fonctionnant pas en 1991). Ces compositions colorĂ©es permettant de visualiser les principales caractĂ©ristiques gĂ©ologiques du visible Ă  l’infrarouge, il est alors possible de les comparer Ă  des cartes gĂ©ologiques, puis aux mesures de terrain de la campagne de juillet 1997. Cette analyse visuelle permet de distinguer trĂšs facilement le massif de pĂ©ridotite de ses roches avoisinantes (gneiss, marbres, grĂšs et calcaires) ainsi que de mettre en Ă©vidence une nette zonation en serpentine habituellement non cartographiĂ©e. Ce travail faisant suite Ă  celui de Chabrillat et al. [2000] nous avons pris le parti d’explorer une autre voie que celle des analyses en composantes principales en cherchant Ă  retirer couche par couche les diffĂ©rents Ă©lĂ©ments Ă  l’origine de la rĂ©ponse spectrale de la pĂ©ridotite de Ronda. Nous avons aussi pris le parti de ne nous fier qu’aux mesures de terrain et de ne jamais avoir recours Ă  des Ă©chantillons d’image pour effectuer des classifications car notre expĂ©rience du terrain nous a clairement montrĂ© qu’aucun pixel n’était constituĂ© d’une seule composante Ă  100 %

    In vivo estimation of pigment composition and optical absorption cross-sectionby spectroradiometry in four aquatic photosynthetic micro-organisms

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    International audienceThe objective of the present study was to estimate in vivo pigment composition and to retrieve absorption cross-section values, a∗, of photosynthetic micro-organisms using a non-invasive technique of reflectance spectrometry. To test the methodology, organisms from different taxonomical groups and different pigment composition were used (Spirulina platensis a Cyanophyta, Porphyridium cruentum a Rhodophyta, Dunaliella tertiolecta a Chlorophyta and Entomoneis paludosa a Bacillariophyta) and photoacclimated to two different irradiance levels: 25 ÎŒmol photon m−2 s−1 (Low Light, LL) and 500 ÎŒmol photon m−2 s−1 (High Light, HL). Second derivative spectra from reflectance were used to identify pigment in vivo absorption bands that were linked to specific pigments detected by high performance liquid chromatography. Whereas some absorption bands such as those induced by Chlorophyll (Chl) a (416, 440, 625 and around 675 nm) were ubiquous, others were taxonomically specific (e.g. 636 nm for Chl c in E. paludosa) and/or photo-physiological dependent (e.g. 489 nm for zeaxanthin in the HL-acclimated S. platensis). The optical absorption cross-section, a∗, was retrieved from reflectance data using a radiative transfer model previously developed for microphytobenthos. Despite the cellular Chl a decrease observed from LL to HL (up to 88% for S. platensis), the a∗ increased, except for P. cruentum. This was attributed to a ‘package effect’ and to a greater absorption by photoprotective carotenoids that did not contribute to the energy transfer to the core Chl a

    Seasonality of microphytobenthos revealed by remote-sensing in a south european estuary

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    The spatio-temporal variation of microphytobenthos (MPB) at the scale of a large estuary (Tagus estuary, Portugal) was studied using a combination of field and satellite remot esensing data during 2003.This is the first attempt to use remote sensing to study MPB in an ecosystem with a Mediterranean -like climate. Satellite pour l'Observation de la Terre(SPOT) and Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer(MERIS) images were used to map benthic microalgae through the application of a Normalized Difference Vegetation index (NDVI).A significant relationship between in-situ benthic chlorophyll a measurements and SPOT NDVI values was used to derive a map for biomass spatial distribution. At the scale of the whole intertidal area, NDVI time-series from 2003 revealed that MPB showed clear temporal variations,with lower values observed in summercompared to winter.This seasonal trend was found both in the SPOT and MERIS images and maybe the result of extreme high temperatures that inhibit MPB growth.Thema in MPB biofilms were spatially stable through time at a large scale.Maximum NDVI values during the winter were found in the high shore with decreasing NDVI values towards the low shore. MPB light limitation at the lowest bathymetries is likely to occur in winter due to the high turbidity of Tagus estuary. The biomass spatial distribution map,obtained for January 2003,indicated low values ranging from 0 to 20 mg Chl am-2 for the lower shores, while in the upper shore biomass varied between 60 and 80 mg Chl am-2. This study suggests striking differences in MPB seasonal patterns between the northern and southern European estuaries and stresses the need for ecophysiological approaches to investigate the role of thermo-andphoto-inhibition as structuring factors for MPB biomass distribution

    Shergottite Northwest Africa 6963: A Pyroxene‐Cumulate Martian Gabbro

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    Northwest Africa (NWA) 6963 was found in Guelmim‐Es‐Semara, Morocco, and based on its bulk chemistry and oxygen isotopes, it was classified as a Martian meteorite. On the basis of a preliminary study of the textures and crystal sizes, it was resubclassified as a gabbroic shergottite because of the similarity with terrestrial and lunar gabbros. However, the previous work was not a quantitative investigation of NWA 6963; to supplement the original resubclassification and enable full comparison between this and other Martian samples; here we investigate the mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry, quantitative textural analyses, and spectral properties of gabbroic shergottite NWA 6963 to constrain its petrogenesis, including the depth of emplacement (i.e., base of a flow versus crustal intrusion). NWA 6963 is an enriched shergottite with similar mineralogy to the basaltic shergottites but importantly does not contain any fine‐grained mesostasis. Consistent with the mineralogy, the reflectance (visible/near‐infrared and thermal infrared) spectrum of powdered NWA 6963 is similar to other shergottites because they are all dominated by pyroxene, but its reflectance is distinct in terms of albedo and spectral contrast due to its gabbroic texture. NWA 6963 represents a partial cumulate gabbro that is associated with the basaltic shergottites. Therefore, NWA 6963 could represent a hypabyssal intrusive feeder dike system for the basaltic shergottites that erupted on the surface

    RÔLE DE L'OCCUPATION DU SOL VIS À VIS DE LA MODÉLISATION DES FLUX ENERGÉTIQUES ET HYDRIQUES EN MILIEU URBAIN ET PÉRIURBAIN

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    National audienceLe projet Rosenhy vise Ă  Ă©tudier l’impact de l’occupation du sol sur la modĂ©lisation mĂ©tĂ©orologique et hydrologique en termes de flux Ă©nergĂ©tiques et hydriques, en milieu urbain et pĂ©riurbain. Trois sites appartenant aux observatoires français OTHU et ONEVU sont au centre de ce projet. Le quartier urbain hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne du Pin sec (Nantes), impermĂ©abilisĂ© Ă  environ 45%, a fait l’objet d’une campagne expĂ©rimentale durant le mois de juin 2012, visant Ă  estimer les flux de chaleur sensible et latente avec une haute rĂ©solution spatiale et temporelle par rapport aux mesures rĂ©alisĂ©es en continu sur ce site depuis 5 ans. Deux bassins versant pĂ©riurbains (La ChĂ©zine Ă  Nantes et l’Yzeron Ă  Lyon), avec un taux d’impermĂ©abilisation moins important (environ 10%) mais grandissant depuis plusieurs dĂ©cennies, sont aussi Ă©tudiĂ©s. Ces deux derniers sites bĂ©nĂ©ficient d’un suivi hydromĂ©tĂ©orologique depuis 10 ans pour la ChĂ©zine et 15 ans pour l’Yzeron. Sur ces trois sites, diffĂ©rentes sources de donnĂ©es d’occupation du sol Ă  diffĂ©rentes rĂ©solutions sont disponibles :diffĂ©rentes bases de donnĂ©es gĂ©ographiques communĂ©ment utilisĂ©es par la communautĂ© scientifique et les collectivitĂ©s et des donnĂ©es tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tectĂ©es (multispectrales et hyperspectrales). L’utilisation de ces donnĂ©es en entrĂ©e de diffĂ©rents modĂšles mĂ©tĂ©orologiques et hydrologiques implique un travail d’analyse et de classification pour adapter les informations aux besoins des modĂšles. Dans ce projet, les diffĂ©rents modĂšles adaptĂ©s au milieu urbain ou pĂ©rirubain sont Ă©valuĂ©s et amĂ©liorĂ©s. Ainsi, les modĂšles hydrologiques pĂ©rirubains sont en dĂ©veloppement pour prendre en compte les diffĂ©rentes pratiques de gestion des eaux pluviales existantes (noues, toitures vĂ©gĂ©talisĂ©es, ...). L’utilisation conjointe des donnĂ©es simulĂ©es par les diffĂ©rents modĂšles aidera Ă  dĂ©terminer le rĂŽle de la part des surfaces naturelles et artificielles sur les bilans Ă©nergĂ©tique et hydrique en milieu plus ou moins urbanisĂ©. Le milieu pĂ©riurbain Ă©tant en Ă©volution, le projet s’intĂ©ressera aussi Ă  des scĂ©narios d’urbanisation prospectifs en regardant d’une part l’impact de la densification sur les scĂ©narios construits pour l’Yzeron lors du projet AVuPUR (ANR-VMCS, 2008-2011) et d’autre part, en rĂ©flĂ©chissant conjointement avec Nantes MĂ©tropole, aux possibles voies d’évolution sur le bassin de la ChĂ©zine

    Transpressional tectonics and Carboniferous magmatism in the Limousin, Massif Central, France: Structural and <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar investigations

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    New structural, microstructural, and 40Ar/39 Ar data from the NW Massif Central (France) provide additional constraints on the timing and tectonic setting of late Variscan granite magmatism. Previous studies had emphasized the role of late orogenic extension in the emplacement of granite plutons in the Limousin region. In contrast, the new data set is consistent with syntectonic emplacement of magma in a dextral simple shear active from 350 to 300 Ma in a transpressional regime. As an alternative hypothesis to late orogenic extension, we propose that magmas migrated into tensional bridges between active P shears associated with a lithospheric shear zone comparable to a pop-up structure. The Galician region, in the western end of the Ibero-Armorican tectonic arc, exhibits major left-lateral ductile shear zones which can be interpreted as conjugate structures to the Limousin and Armorican shear zones. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union
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