ENSINO DE AGROECOLOGIA E EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL: UMA ANÁLISE A PARTIR DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DE 1988 E DA CRÍTICA DO PARADIGMA ANTROPOCÊNTRICO

O artigo problematiza o ensino de agroecologia na perspectiva da educação e da conscientização ambiental com aporte na Constituição Federal de 1988 (CF/88), especificamente no art. 225. Assume, como ponto de partida, a crítica do paradigma antropocêntrico, o qual, entre outros aspectos, trata a natureza como ‘recurso a ser explorado’. Na primeira parte, se busca uma contextualização e análise do conceito de agroecologia e a caracterização dos aspectos socioambientais. Em seguida, se realiza uma análise da normativa referente à agroecologia, com aporte na CF/88, no Decreto Federal nº 7.794/2012, que institui a Política Nacional de Agroecologia e Produção Orgânica, e na Lei Federal nº 10.831/2003, que dispõe sobre a agricultura orgânica. Na terceira parte, se discute o ensino de agroecologia, inserido numa concepção de educação e conscientização ambiental, a partir da abordagem da ecologia de saberes como perspectiva epistemológica, e da crítica do paradigma antropocêntrico, cujas características estão presentes no texto constitucional e cuja superação é necessária para a concretização do disposto no art. 225, §1º, VI, da CF/8

ENSINO DE AGROECOLOGIA E EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL: UMA ANÁLISE A PARTIR DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DE 1988 E DA CRÍTICA DO PARADIGMA ANTROPOCÊNTRICO

RESUMOO artigo problematiza o ensino de agroecologia na perspectiva da educação e da conscientização ambiental com aporte na Constituição Federal de 1988 (CF/88), especificamente no art. 225. Assume, como ponto de partida, a crítica do paradigma antropocêntrico, o qual, entre outros aspectos, trata a natureza como ‘recurso a ser explorado’. Na primeira parte, se busca uma contextualização e análise do conceito de agroecologia e a caracterização dos aspectos socioambientais. Em seguida, se realiza uma análise da normativa referente à agroecologia, com aporte na CF/88, no Decreto Federal nº 7.794/2012, que institui a Política Nacional de Agroecologia e Produção Orgânica, e na Lei Federal nº 10.831/2003, que dispõe sobre a agricultura orgânica. Na terceira parte, se discute o ensino de agroecologia, inserido numa concepção de educação e conscientização ambiental, a partir da abordagem da ecologia de saberes como perspectiva epistemológica, e da crítica do paradigma antropocêntrico, cujas características estão presentes no texto constitucional e cuja superação é necessária para a concretização do disposto no art. 225, §1º, VI, da CF/88.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Agroecologia; Educação Ambiental; Constituição Federal de 1988; Ecologia de Saberes; Paradigma Antropocêntrico.ABSTRACTThe article discusses the teaching of agroecology from the perspective of education and environmental awareness based on the Federal Constitution of 1988 (CF / 88), specifically in art. 225. It takes as its starting point the critique of the anthropocentric paradigm, which, among other things, treats nature as a 'resource to be explored'. In the first part, we seek a contextualization and analysis of the concept of agroecology and the characterization of socioenvironmental aspects. Then, an analysis of the regulation on agroecology is performed, based on CF / 88, Federal Decree No. 7,794 / 2012, which establishes the National Policy on Agroecology and Organic Production, and Federal Law No. 10,831 / 2003, which provides about organic farming. The third part discusses the teaching of agroecology, inserted in a conception of education and environmental awareness, from the approach of the ecology of knowledge as an epistemological perspective, and from the critique of the anthropocentric paradigm, whose characteristics are present in the constitutional text and whose overcoming is. necessary for the implementation of the provisions of art. 225, §1, VI, of CF / 88.KEYWORDS: Agroecology; Environmental education; Federal Constitution of 1988; Ecology of Knowledge; Anthropocentric Paradigm.

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher’s alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between ∼40,000 and ∼53,000, i.e. at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of ∼19,000–25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of ∼4,500–6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Phylogenetic classification of the world's tropical forests

Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world’s tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world’s tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern-hemisphere forests.</p

O impacto ex-post da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal nº101/2000 nas finanças dos estados brasileiros

Este trabalho analisa o impacto da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (LRF), nas finanças e no crescimento econômico nos estados do Brasil, por meio de um banco de dados próprio, constituído por informações obtidas na Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional, no período de 2000 a 2004. Para os testes econométricos foi utilizada a ferramenta Dados em Painel, o Teste de Mann-Whitney e a Técnica de Componentes Principais. Os resultados encontrados, de modo geral, demonstram que a LRF não apresentou efeitos sobre as finanças e o crescimento econômico dos estados brasileiros, mas causou impacto positivo aos estados de maior Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), do prisma da redução de despesa. Na receita agregada nacional houve impacto negativo, pois essa receita decresceu nos estados de maior PIB, não sendo compensada pelo aumento de receitas correntes líquidas pelos estados de menor PIB. Portanto, houve penalidades para os estados de maior capacidade fiscal, maior organização fazendária e maior crescimento econômico e benefícios para os estados em situação contrária, mas que, em nível nacional, proporcionou resultados econômicos negativos