Konsep Jihad: Ditinjau dari QS. Al-Baqarah: Studi Penafsiran Musthafa Al-Maraghi

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya pandangan terntang jihad di kalangan muslim maupun non muslim. Isu-isu terorisme yang terjadi akhir-akhir ini selalu menyudutkan umat islam karena disematkan dalam jiwa muslim termasuk istilah jihad identik dengan simbol umat muslim. Padahal, istilah jihad tidak selamanya didefinisikan sebagai dengan perang, melainkan di zaman sekarang bisa dimaknai dengan berjuang melawan kemungkaran, bisa dengan jiwa, harta, lisan maupun pemikiran. Oleh karena itu, objek kajian ini focus pada konsep jihad yang tertuang dalam Qs. Al-Baqarah [2]. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan metode library research dengan mengungkap dari beberapa sumber termasuk penafsiran Musthafa Al-Maraghi dalam tafsirnya Tafsir Maraghi. Hasil yang ditemukan dari penelitian ini dengan tujuh point penting dalam membentuk konsep jihad yang relevansinya bisa diimplikasikan di zaman kontemporer diantaranya bahwa Allah telah memerintahkan seluruh manusia untuk senantiasa berjihad, baik jihad dengan perang (konteks zaman klasik) maupun jihad dengan harta dan pemikiran sebagaimana dikenal dengan ghazwah al fikr. Karena tujuan jihad yaitu untuk mendapatkan Ridha Allah dan mempertahankan keislamannya maka Allah tentu akan memberikan balasan bagi orang-orang yang berjihad di jalan Allah dengan senantiasa menghadirkan dirinya walaupun telah dalam keadaan mati, balasan ini pula Allah berikan bagi orang-orang yang berjihad disertai sikap sabar

PENGUATAN PENDIDIKAN AQIDAH ISLAM PADA ANAK SEBELUM USIA AQIL BALIGH

This study aims to determine the urgency of Islamic aqeedah education for children before reaching puberty, the implementation process, and its strengthening for children in the family environment. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach with the method of literature study. Data was collected from various primary and secondary sources in the form of Al-Qur'an, books, and scientific articles. The data is then classified, analyzed, and interpreted in a descriptive narrative. The results of this study reveal that: first, the urgency of Islamic belief is the main catalyst that must be taught to children before the age of puberty; second, the implementation of Islamic aqeedah can be in the form of stimulation by parents in the family environment; third, strengthening Islamic faith in children can be done by applying exemplary methods, ta'wîdiyyah, mau'izhah, qashash, amtsâl, tsawâb, and 'iqâb. The research findings illustrate that Islamic faith education is the responsibility of all parties, both parents, the community as well as teachers in educational institutions. Through this research, the researcher recommends further research to describe the efforts of educational institutions in strengthening Islamic faith education for students in Indonesia using more comprehensive samples, approaches, and methods

Exploring the success factors of hybrid micro-enterprises

This research explores hybrid micro-entrepreneurs’ founding motivations and the transformation of those motivations into visions of success, by applying multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA). We find that entrepreneurs of hybrid micro-enterprises are driven mostly by noneconomic goals and that those influence their vision of success. The success framework consists of seven indicators (training, professional development, marketing, management, external factors, infrastructures, and organizational aspects). Human capital is perceived as the most important for success – translating the professional motivations for founding. Reversely, external factors, which are usually considered crucial to attain legitimacy, are perceived the least important factors. Given the findings, are hybrid micro-entrepreneurs ready to succeed?info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a comparative treatment planning study of photons and protons

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The aim of this treatment planning study was to investigate the potential advantages of intensity-modulated (IM) proton therapy (IMPT) compared with IM photon therapy (IMRT) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Eight NPC patients were chosen. The dose prescriptions in cobalt Gray equivalent (Gy_E) for gross tumor volumes of the primary tumor (GTV-T), planning target volumes of GTV-T and metastatic (PTV-TN) and elective (PTV-N) lymph node stations were 72.6 Gy_E, 66 Gy_E, and 52.8 Gy_E, respectively. For each patient, nine coplanar fields IMRT with step-and-shoot technique and 3D spot-scanned three coplanar fields IMPT plans were prepared. Both modalities were planned in 33 fractions to be delivered with a simultaneous integrated boost technique. All plans were prepared and optimized by using the research version of the inverse treatment planning system KonRad (DKFZ, Heidelberg).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Both treatment techniques were equal in terms of averaged mean dose to target volumes. IMPT plans significantly improved the tumor coverage and conformation (<it>P </it>< 0.05) and they reduced the averaged mean dose to several organs at risk (OARs) by a factor of 2–3. The low-to-medium dose volumes (0.33–13.2 Gy_E) were more than doubled by IMRT plans.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In radiotherapy of NPC patients, three-field IMPT has greater potential than nine-field IMRT with respect to tumor coverage and reduction of the integral dose to OARs and non-specific normal tissues. The practicality of IMPT in NPC deserves further exploration when this technique becomes available on wider clinical scale.</p

Presence of RD149 Deletions in M. tuberculosis Central Asian Strain1 Isolates Affect Growth and TNFα Induction in THP-1 Monocytes

Central Asian Strain 1 (CAS1) is the prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis genogroup in South Asia. CAS1 strains carry deletions in RD149 and RD152 regions. Significance of these deletions is as yet unknown. We compared CAS1 strains with RD149 and concurrent RD149-RD152 deletions with CAS1 strains without deletions and with the laboratory reference strain, M. tuberculosis H37Rv for growth and for induction of TNFα, IL6, CCL2 and IL10 in THP-1 cells. Growth of CAS1 strains with deletions was slower in broth (RD149; p = 0.024 and RD149-RD152; p = 0.025) than that of strains without deletions. CAS1 strains with RD149 deletion strains further showed reduced intracellular growth (p = 0.013) in THP-1 cells as compared with strains without deletions, and also as compared with H37Rv (p = 0.007) and with CAS1 RD149-RD152 deletion strains (p = 0.029). All CAS1 strains induced higher levels of TNFα and IL10 secretion in THP-1 cells than H37Rv. Additionally, CAS1 strains with RD149 deletions induced more TNFα secretion than those without deletions (p = 0.013). CAS1 RD149 deletion strains from extrapulmonary sources showed more rapid growth and induced lower levels of TNFα and IL6 secretion in THP-1 cells than isolates from pulmonary sources. This data suggests that presence of RD149 reduces growth and increases the induction of TNFα in host cells by CAS1 strains. Differences observed for extrapulmonary strains may indicate an adaptation which increases potential for dissemination and tropism outside the lung. Overall, we hypothesise that RD149 deletions generate genetic diversity within strains and impact interactions of CAS1 strains with host cells with important clinical consequences

Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018.

Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field

Sustainable Entrepreneurship: The Role of Perceived Barriers and Risk

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