Eriävät menetelmät kiinteistömarkkinadatan koonnissa toimisto-osamarkkinoilla

Relatively low market transparency characterises many real estate markets and, in that regard, the Helsinki Metropolitan Area office market makes no exception. It has not gone unnoticed that the locally operating real estate service companies publish differing market information for the HMA office submarkets. The purpose of this thesis is to study the interorganisational differences in property stock, vacancy rate and market rent determination and provide reference for the standardization of office market information in the HMA. The two research questions of this qualitative study are: 1) What kind of interorganisational differences exist regarding the determination of the HMA office submarket information, and do they affect the computed benchmarks? 2) How do the practitioner methods delineate from the theories and methods present in academic literature and appropriate standards? The literature review focuses on the essential definitions and concepts for the analysis of office submarket data. Furthermore, the relationships between market transparency, investment allocations and market information are discussed. The empirical section aims to answer the research questions by surveying the interorganizational differences in property stock, vacancy rate and market rent determination with a questionnaire. The questionnaire results are then reviewed in comparison with the office submarket information published by the respondent organizations to see if the possible differences in practices have affected the market data. To answer the second research question academic literature, appropriate standards and industry guidelines are compared to practitioner methods when possible. According to the research results, multiple interorganisational differences exists in the practices for the stock, vacancy rate and market rent determination. The constrained availability of primary property data has driven the organisations to utilize secondary sources to various degrees. Consequently, differing practices have been developed. Furthermore, some differences in practices are related to various professional preferences and subjective concepts such as prime, submarket and structural vacancy. Moreover, the results indicate that the differences in practices have in some cases significant effects on the published submarket data. For example, a significant difference was recorded in the vacancy rate estimates between companies that use either samples or the total submarket stock in their calculations. More importantly, however, it is shown that the different practices and constrained availability of primary data have significant adverse effects on the quality and quantity of HMA office market information.Markkinoiden matala läpinäkyvyys on ominaista monille kiinteistömarkkinoille ja Helsingin seudun toimistomarkkina ei tee tässä asiassa poikkeusta. On huomattu, että paikallisesti toimivat kiinteistöalan konsulttiyritykset julkaisevat Helsingin seudun toimisto-osamarkkinoista tunnuslukuja, jotka poikkeavat toisistaan. Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena on tutkia yritysten välisiä eroja tilakantojen, vajaakäyttöasteiden ja markkinavuokrien määrittämisessä ja rakentaa viitekehystä Helsingin seudun toimistomarkkinatiedon standardisointia varten. Tämän kvalitatiivisen tutkimuksen kaksi tutkimuskysymystä ovat: 1) Millaisia eroja Helsingin seudun toimisto-osamarkkinatiedon tuottamisessa on eri yritysten välillä ja vaikuttavatko eroavaisuudet tuotettuihin tunnuslukuihin? 2) Kuinka ammatinharjoittajien käyttämät menetelmät eroavat akateemisessa kirjallisuudessa ja soveltuvissa standardeissa esiintyvistä teorioista ja menetelmistä? Työn kirjallisuuskatsaus keskittyy toimisto-osamarkkinadatan analysoinnin kannalta välttämättömiin määritelmiin ja konsepteihin sekä markkinan läpinäkyvyyden, sijoitusallokaatioiden ja markkinatiedon välisiin suhteisiin. Työn empiirinen osuus pyrkii vastaamaan ensimmäiseen tutkimuskysymykseen selvittämällä tilakannan, vajaakäyttöasteen ja markkinavuokran määrittämisessä käytettyjen menetelmien eroavaisuudet eri yritysten välillä. Selvityksessä käytetään kyselyä. Kyselyn tuloksia käsitellään vastaaja yritysten julkaiseman markkinainformaation rinnalla, jotta voitaisiin tutkia ovatko käytettyjen menetelmien mahdolliset eroavaisuudet vaikuttaneet markkinadataan. Toiseen tutkimuskysymykseen pyritään vastaamaan vertaamalla ammatinharjoittajien käyttämiä menetelmiä akateemiseen kirjallisuuteen, soveltuviin standardeihin ja toimialalla käytettyihin ohjeisiin. Tutkimustulosten mukaan tilakannan, vajaakäyttöasteen ja markkinavuokran määrittämisessä käytetyissä menetelmissä on useita eroja eri yritysten välillä. Ensisijaisen kiinteistödatan rajoittunut saatavuus on saanut yritykset turvautumaan toissijaiseen dataan eriävissä määrin, jonka seurauksena on kehittynyt erilaisia toimintamalleja. Tämän lisäksi jotkin menetelmä eroavaisuudet liittyvät erinäisiin ammatillisiin näkemyseroihin ja subjektiivisiin konsepteihin, kuten prime, osamarkkina ja rakenteellinen vajaakäyttö. Tulosten mukaan menetelmä eroavaisuuksilla on joissain tapauksissa merkittäviä vaikutuksia julkaistuun osamarkkinadataan. Esimerkiksi julkaistuissa vajaakäyttöasteissa on selkeä ero niiden yritysten välillä, jotka käyttävät laskennassa osamarkkinan koko tilakantaa tai näytettä. Edellä mainittua tärkeämpää on kuitenkin se, että ensisijaisen datan rajoittunut saatavuus ja eriävät menetelmät vaikuttavat heikentävästi Helsingin seudun toimistomarkkinainformaation laatuun ja saatavuuteen

Laserskannerin ja takymetriskannerin mittaustekniset soveltuvuudet

Tämä työ on tehty Lapin ammattikorkeakoulussa keväällä 2017. Tässä työssä käsitellään laserskannereiden ja takymetriskannereiden mittausteknisiä soveltuvuuksia. Työn tarkoituksena on auttaa laserskannaukseen tutustumattomia maanmittausalan ammattilaisia hahmottamaan erilaisten laserskannereiden soveltuvuusalueet ja ottamaan laitteille tyypilliset heikkoudet ja vahvuudet paremmin huomioon. Työssä käsitellään pistepilvien virheitä ja jälkikäsittelyä, eri etäisyydenmittausmenetelmiä ja erilaisten skannereiden soveltuvuuksia. Lisäksi aihealuetta lähestytään kyselyn ja käytännönkokeen avulla. Takymetriskannereiden ja laserskannereiden välinen soveltuvuusraja ei ole täysin yksiselitteinen asia, koska pistepilven käyttötarkoitus ja suorittavien töiden kilpailulliset asetelmat vaikuttavat käytettävän laitteiston minimivaatimuksiin. Takymetriskannereiden suurin puute laserskannereihin verrattuna on hidas mittausnopeus, joka on rajoite tiheitä ja suuria pistepilviä mitattaessa. Opinnäytetyössä on arvioitu tarkemmin niitä seikkoja, jotka vaikuttavat kulloinkin käytettävän laitteiston valintaan.This thesis was done in the Lapland University of Applied Sciences in the spring of 2017. The purpose of this thesis was to find out the applicational possibilities of different laser scanners. The thesis aimed at helping land surveying professionals who are not familiar with laser scanning technology to better understand the abilities of different laser scanning instruments. The thesis studied the sources of errors in point clouds, point cloud processing and applicational possibilities of different laser scanners. Laser scanning was also studied with an inquiry and a practical experiment. The applicational differences between the total station laser scanners and the terrestrial laser scanners are not clear, because the planned usage of the point cloud and the circumstances in the bidding competitions vary. This thesis studied the facts which influence the choice of the suitable equipment. The slower measuring speed is the biggest downside of the total station laser scanners when comparing them to the terrestrial laser scanners. The slower measuring speed obstructs scanning vast areas with dense point spacing

The Psychosocial Work Environment, Employee Mental Health and Organizational Interventions: Improving Research and Practice by Taking a Multilevel Approach

Although there have been several calls for incorporating multiple levels of analysis in employee health and wellbeing research, studies examining the interplay between individual, workgroup, organizational and broader societal factors in relation to employee mental health outcomes remain an exception rather than the norm. At the same time, organizational intervention research and practice also tends to be limited by a single-level focus, omitting potentially important influences at multiple levels of analysis. The aims of this conceptual paper are to help progress our understanding of work-related determinants of employee mental health by: (i) providing a rationale for routine multilevel assessment of the psychosocial work environment; (ii) discussing how a multilevel perspective can improve related organizational interventions and (iii) highlighting key theoretical and methodological considerations relevant to these aims. We present five recommendations for future research, relating to using appropriate multilevel research designs, justifying group level constructs, developing group-level measures, expanding investigations to the organizational level, and developing multilevel approaches to intervention design, implementation and evaluation

Multimodal neuroimaging in patients with disorders of consciousness showing "functional hemispherectomy".

Beside behavioral assessment of patients with disorders of consciousness, neuroimaging modalities may offer objective paraclinical markers important for diagnosis and prognosis. They provide information on the structural location and extent of brain lesions (e.g., morphometric MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI-MRI) assessing structural connectivity) but also their functional impact (e.g., metabolic FDG-PET, hemodynamic fMRI, and EEG measurements obtained in "resting state" conditions). We here illustrate the role of multimodal imaging in severe brain injury, presenting a patient in unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS; i.e., vegetative state, VS) and in a "fluctuating" minimally conscious state (MCS). In both cases, resting state FDG-PET, fMRI, and EEG showed a functionally preserved right hemisphere, while DTI showed underlying differences in structural connectivity highlighting the complementarities of these neuroimaging methods in the study of disorders of consciousness.Peer reviewe

Effects of Externally Rated Job Demand and Control on Depression Diagnosis Claims in an Industrial Cohort

This study examined whether externally rated job demand and control were associated with depression diagnosis claims in a heavy industrial cohort. The retrospective cohort sample consisted of 7,566 hourly workers aged 18–64 years who were actively employed at 11 US plants between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2003, and free of depression diagnosis claims during an initial 2-year run-in period. Logistic regression analysis was used to model the effect of tertiles of demand and control exposure on depression diagnosis claims. Demand had a significant positive association with depression diagnosis claims in bivariate models and models adjusted for demographic (age, gender, race, education, job grade, tenure) and lifestyle (smoking status, body mass index, cholesterol level) variables (high demand odds ratio = 1.39, 95% confidence interval: 1.04, 1.86). Control was associated with greater risk of depression diagnosis at moderate levels in unadjusted models only (odds ratio = 1.47, 95% confidence interval: 1.12, 1.93), while low control, contrary to expectation, was not associated with depression. The effects of the externally rated demand exposure were lost with adjustment for location. This may reflect differences in measurement or classification of exposure, differences in depression diagnosis by location, or other location-specific factors

Stimulus-Related Independent Component and Voxel-Wise Analysis of Human Brain Activity during Free Viewing of a Feature Film

Understanding how the brain processes stimuli in a rich natural environment is a fundamental goal of neuroscience. Here, we showed a feature film to 10 healthy volunteers during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of hemodynamic brain activity. We then annotated auditory and visual features of the motion picture to inform analysis of the hemodynamic data. The annotations were fitted to both voxel-wise data and brain network time courses extracted by independent component analysis (ICA). Auditory annotations correlated with two independent components (IC) disclosing two functional networks, one responding to variety of auditory stimulation and another responding preferentially to speech but parts of the network also responding to non-verbal communication. Visual feature annotations correlated with four ICs delineating visual areas according to their sensitivity to different visual stimulus features. In comparison, a separate voxel-wise general linear model based analysis disclosed brain areas preferentially responding to sound energy, speech, music, visual contrast edges, body motion and hand motion which largely overlapped the results revealed by ICA. Differences between the results of IC- and voxel-based analyses demonstrate that thorough analysis of voxel time courses is important for understanding the activity of specific sub-areas of the functional networks, while ICA is a valuable tool for revealing novel information about functional connectivity which need not be explained by the predefined model. Our results encourage the use of naturalistic stimuli and tasks in cognitive neuroimaging to study how the brain processes stimuli in rich natural environments

Work factors and psychological distress in nurses' aides: a prospective cohort study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Nurses' aides (assistant nurses), the main providers of practical patient care in many countries, are doing both emotional and heavy physical work, and are exposed to frequent social encounters in their job. There is scarce knowledge, though, of how working conditions are related to psychological distress in this occupational group. The aim of this study was to identify work factors that predict the level of psychological distress in nurses' aides.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The sample of this prospective study comprised 5076 Norwegian nurses' aides, not on leave when they completed a mailed questionnaire in 1999. Of these, 4076 (80.3 %) completed a second questionnaire 15 months later. A wide spectrum of physical, psychological, social, and organisational work factors were measured at baseline. Psychological distress (anxiety and depression) was assessed at baseline and follow-up by the SCL-5, a short version of Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In a linear regression model of the level of psychological distress at follow-up, with baseline level of psychological distress, work factors, and background factors as independent variables, work factors explained 2 % and baseline psychological distress explained 34 % of the variance. Exposures to role conflicts, exposures to threats and violence, working in apartment units for the aged, and changes in the work situation between baseline and follow-up that were reported to result in less support and encouragement were positively associated with the level of psychological distress. Working in psychiatric departments, and changes in the work situation between baseline and follow-up that gave lower work pace were negatively associated with psychological distress.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The study suggests that work factors explain only a modest part of the psychological distress in nurses' aides. Exposures to role conflicts and threats and violence at work may contribute to psychological distress in nurses' aides. It is important that protective measures against violent patients are implemented, and that occupational health officers offer victims of violence appropriate support or therapy. It is also important that health service organisations focus on reducing role conflicts, and that leaders listen to and consider the views of the staff.</p

Psychosocial working conditions and the risk of depression and anxiety disorders in the Danish workforce

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To examine the risk of depressive and anxiety disorders according to psychosocial working conditions in a large population-based sample.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Job Exposure Matrix was applied to assess psychosocial working conditions in a population-based nested case-control study of 14,166 psychiatric patients, diagnosed with depressive or anxiety disorders during 1995–1998 selected from The Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register, compared with 58,060 controls drawn from Statistics Denmark's Integrated Database for Labour Market Research.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Low job control was associated with an increased risk of anxiety disorders in men (IRR 1.40, 95% CI 1.24–1.58).</p> <p>In women an elevated risk of depression was related to high emotional demands (IRR 1.39, 95%CI 1.22–1.58) and to working with people (IRR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01–1.30). In both sexes high demands were associated with a decreased risk of anxiety disorders. There was a weak association between job strain and anxiety disorders in men (IRR 1.13, 95%, CI 1.02–1.25)</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Psychosocial work exposures related to the risk of depressive and anxiety disorders differ as between the sexes. The pattern of risks is inconsistent. The results give rise to rethinking both study designs and possible causal links between work exposures and mental health.</p