Gevoeligheid van belgische Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae isolaten voor antimicrobiële middelen

To control Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections, the use of antibiotics in feed or water is a common practice. Unfortunately, information concerning the susceptibility of M. hyopneumoniae to different antimicrobials is very scarce. The in vitro susceptibility of 21 M hyopneumoniae field isolates was determined in this study using a broth microdilution technique. Acquired resistance to spectinomycin, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, gentamicin, florfenicol and tiamulin was not observed. One isolate showed acquired resistance to lincomycin, tilmicosin and tylosin, but was susceptible to all other antibiotics tested. For 5 isolates, the MIC-values of flumequine were > 16 mu g/ml, while the MIC50-value was 2 mu g/ml. The MIC-values of enrofloxacin for these 5 isolates were >= 0.5 mu g/ml, the MIC50 being 0.06 mu g/ml. This is the first report showing acquired resistance against macrolides, lincosamides and fluoroquinolones in M hyopneumoniae field isolates

Organic RFID Tags

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Effects of climate warming and declining species richness in grassland model ecosystems: acclimation of CO2 fluxes

To study the effects of warming and declining species richness on the carbon balance of grassland communities, model ecosystems containing one, three or nine species were exposed to ambient and elevated (ambient +3°C) air temperature. In this paper, we analyze measured ecosystem CO2 fluxes to test whether ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration had acclimated to warming after 28 months of continuous heating, and whether the degree of acclimation depended on species richness. In order to test whether acclimation occurred, short term temperature response curves were established for all communities in both treatments. At similar temperatures, lower flux rates in the heated communities as compared to the unheated communities would indicate thermal acclimation. Because plant cover was significantly higher in the heated treatment, we normalized the data for plant cover. Subsequently, down-regulation of both photosynthesis and respiration was observed. Although CO2 fluxes were larger in communities with higher species richness, species richness did not affect the degree of acclimation to warming. These results imply that models need to take thermal acclimation into account to simulate photosynthesis and respiration in a warmer world.This research was funded by the Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders (Belgium) as project “effects of biodiversity loss and climate warming on carbon sequestration mechanisms in terrestrial ecosystems”, contract #G.0434.03N. H. J. De Boeck holds a grant from the Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by science and Technology in Flanders. P. Serrano-Ortiz benefits from a pre-doctoral grant from the Junta de Andalucía

Spoken Code-Switching in Written Form? Manifestation of Code-Switching in Computer Mediated Communication

Contains fulltext : 159840.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)22 p

Bcl-2 protein family: Implications in vascular apoptosis and atherosclerosis

Apoptosis has been recognized as a central component in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, in addition to the other human pathologies such as cancer and diabetes. The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is complex, involving both apoptosis and proliferation at different phases of its progression. Oxidative modification of lipids and inflammation differentially regulate the apoptotic and proliferative responses of vascular cells during progression of the atherosclerotic lesion. Bcl-2 proteins act as the major regulators of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis signalling pathways and more recently it has become evident that they mediate the apoptotic response of vascular cells in response to oxidation and inflammation either in a provocative or an inhibitory mode of action. Here we address Bcl-2 proteins as major therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis and underscore the need for the novel preventive and therapeutic interventions against atherosclerosis, which should be designed in the light of molecular mechanisms regulating apoptosis of vascular cells in atherosclerotic lesions

The Wellesley News (12-01-1966)

https://repository.wellesley.edu/wcnews/1090/thumbnail.jp

Core components for effective infection prevention and control programmes: new WHO evidence-based recommendations

Abstract Health care-associated infections (HAI) are a major public health problem with a significant impact on morbidity, mortality and quality of life. They represent also an important economic burden to health systems worldwide. However, a large proportion of HAI are preventable through effective infection prevention and control (IPC) measures. Improvements in IPC at the national and facility level are critical for the successful containment of antimicrobial resistance and the prevention of HAI, including outbreaks of highly transmissible diseases through high quality care within the context of universal health coverage. Given the limited availability of IPC evidence-based guidance and standards, the World Health Organization (WHO) decided to prioritize the development of global recommendations on the core components of effective IPC programmes both at the national and acute health care facility level, based on systematic literature reviews and expert consensus. The aim of the guideline development process was to identify the evidence and evaluate its quality, consider patient values and preferences, resource implications, and the feasibility and acceptability of the recommendations. As a result, 11 recommendations and three good practice statements are presented here, including a summary of the supporting evidence, and form the substance of a new WHO IPC guideline

Atmospheric deposition, CO2, and change in the land carbon sink

Concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) have continued to increase whereas atmospheric deposition of sulphur and nitrogen has declined in Europe and the USA during recent decades. Using time series of flux observations from 23 forests distributed throughout Europe and the USA, and generalised mixed models, we found that forest-level net ecosystem production and gross primary production have increased by 1% annually from 1995 to 2011. Statistical models indicated that increasing atmospheric CO2 was the most important factor driving the increasing strength of carbon sinks in these forests. We also found that the reduction of sulphur deposition in Europe and the USA lead to higher recovery in ecosystem respiration than in gross primary production, thus limiting the increase of carbon sequestration. By contrast, trends in climate and nitrogen deposition did not significantly contribute to changing carbon fluxes during the studied period. Our findings support the hypothesis of a general CO2-fertilization effect on vegetation growth and suggest that, so far unknown, sulphur deposition plays a significant role in the carbon balance of forests in industrialized regions. Our results show the need to include the effects of changing atmospheric composition, beyond CO2, to assess future dynamics of carbon-climate feedbacks not currently considered in earth system/climate modelling.Peer reviewe