8 research outputs found
Trigger and Aperture of the Surface Detector Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory
The surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory consists of 1600
water-Cherenkov detectors, for the study of extensive air showers (EAS)
generated by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. We describe the trigger hierarchy,
from the identification of candidate showers at the level of a single detector,
amongst a large background (mainly random single cosmic ray muons), up to the
selection of real events and the rejection of random coincidences. Such trigger
makes the surface detector array fully efficient for the detection of EAS with
energy above eV, for all zenith angles between 0 and
60, independently of the position of the impact point and of the mass
of the primary particle. In these range of energies and angles, the exposure of
the surface array can be determined purely on the basis of the geometrical
acceptance.Comment: 29 pages, 12 figure
Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49\ub74% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46\ub74–52\ub70). The TFR decreased from 4\ub77 livebirths (4\ub75–4\ub79) to 2\ub74 livebirths (2\ub72–2\ub75), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83\ub78 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197\ub72% (193\ub73–200\ub78) since 1950, from 2\ub76 billion (2\ub75–2\ub76) to 7\ub76 billion (7\ub74–7\ub79) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2\ub70%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1\ub71% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2\ub75% in 1963 to 0\ub77% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2\ub77%. The global average age increased from 26\ub76 years in 1950 to 32\ub71 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59\ub79% to 65\ub73%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1\ub70 livebirths (95% UI 0\ub79–1\ub72) in Cyprus to a high of 7\ub71 livebirths (6\ub78–7\ub74) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0\ub708 livebirths (0\ub707–0\ub709) in South Korea to 2\ub74 livebirths (2\ub72–2\ub76) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0\ub73 livebirths (0\ub73–0\ub74) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3\ub71 livebirths (3\ub70–3\ub72) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2\ub70% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Ultrahigh energy neutrinos at the Pierre Auger observatory
The observation of ultrahigh energy neutrinos (UHEνs) has become a priority in experimental astroparticle physics. UHEνs can be detected with a variety of techniques. In particular, neutrinos can interact in the atmosphere (downward-going ν) or in the Earth crust (Earth-skimming ν), producing air showers that can be observed with arrays of detectors at the ground. With the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory we can detect these types of cascades. The distinguishing signature for neutrino events is the presence of very inclined showers produced close to the ground (i.e., after having traversed a large amount of atmosphere). In this work we review the procedure and criteria established to search for UHEνs in the data collected with the ground array of the Pierre Auger Observatory. This includes Earth-skimming as well as downward-going neutrinos. No neutrino candidates have been found, which allows us to place competitive limits to the diffuse flux of UHEνs in the EeV range and above.P. Abreu ... K. B. Barber ... J. A. Bellido ... R. W. Clay ... M. J. Cooper ... B. R. Dawson ... T. A. Harrison ... A. E. Herve ... V. C. Holmes ... J. Sorokin ... P. Wahrlich ... B. J. Whelan ... et al
Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy
We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8\ub10.7(stat)\ub16.7(syst)\u2009\u2009MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principles calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory
Search for photons with energies above 1018eV using the hybrid detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory
A search for ultra-high energy photons with energies above 1EeV is performed
using nine years of data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory in hybrid operation mode.
An unprecedented separation power between photon and hadron primaries is achieved by
combining measurements of the longitudinal air-shower development with the particle content
at ground measured by the fluorescence and surface detectors, respectively. Only three photon
candidates at energies 1\u20132EeV are found, which is compatible with the expected hadron induced
background. Upper limits on the integral flux of ultra-high energy photons of 0.027,
0.009, 0.008, 0.008 and 0.007 km 122 sr 121 yr 121 are derived at 95% C.L. for energy thresholds of
1, 2, 3, 5 and 10EeV. These limits bound the fractions of photons in the all-particle integral
flux below 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.33%, 0.85% and 2.7%. For the first time the photon fraction at EeV
energies is constrained at the sub-percent level. The improved limits are below the flux of
diffuse photons predicted by some astrophysical scenarios for cosmogenic photon production.
The new results rule-out the early top-down models 12 in which ultra-high energy cosmic rays
are produced by, e.g., the decay of super-massive particles 12 and challenge the most recent
super-heavy dark matter model
Search for ultrarelativistic magnetic monopoles with the Pierre Auger Observatory
We present a search for ultrarelativistic magnetic monopoles with the Pierre Auger observatory. Such
particles, possibly a relic of phase transitions in the early Universe, would deposit a large amount of energy
along their path through the atmosphere, comparable to that of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs).
The air-shower profile of a magnetic monopole can be effectively distinguished by the fluorescence
detector from that of standard UHECRs. No candidate was found in the data collected between 2004 and
2012, with an expected background of less than 0.1 event from UHECRs. The corresponding
90% confidence level (C.L.) upper limits on the flux of ultrarelativistic magnetic monopoles range from
10^ 1219(cm2 sr s)^ 121 for a Lorentz factor \u3b3 = 10^9 to 2.5
7 10 1221(cm2 sr s)^ 121 for \u3b3 = 10^12. These results\u2014the
first obtained with a UHECR detector\u2014improve previously published limits by up to an order of
magnitude
The Pierre Auger Observatory II: Studies of Cosmic Ray Composition and Hadronic Interaction models
Impacto del proyecto PERSECC en la productividad de las MYPES de calzado de la ciudad de Trujillo, 2017
RESUMEN
La presente investigación tiene como propósito determinar el impacto del proyecto creado por
la Oficina de Proyectos de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación de CITEccal Trujillo, el
“Proyecto de Reactivación del Sector Cuero y Calzado” en la productividad de las MYPES del
sector calzado en relación con la incidencia que tenga este con el comportamiento de las
ventas, producción y demás indicadores de las empresas que aplicaron a PERSECC durante el
año 2017, con la finalidad de demostrar la labor del Estado al tomar medidas orientadas a
elevar los niveles de competitividad de las empresas en estudio en relación a la reactivación de
dicho sector.
Para el desarrollo del presente trabajo de investigación, se utilizaron fuentes de información
primaria debido a que serán documentos directos que se obtendrán de la oficina de
Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación de CITEccal Trujillo. Para esto, se tuvo en cuenta el
análisis de la documentación de los datos recopilados del registro anual y evolución trimestral
de ventas, producción, capacidad instalada, capacidad productiva, inversión en I+D+i, recurso
humano, plan de acción del programa PERSECC, los cuales fueron facilitados directamente del
área de la oficina de proyectos I+D+i para la realización del proyecto. Luego, se recopilaron los
datos a través del análisis documental para ser procesados en tablas y gráficos, en seguida se
determinaron las medias usando la Prueba T - Student para datos relacionados (muestras
dependientes). Finalmente para medir la relación entre las variables en estudio se calculó el
valor de probabilidad estadístico por el cual se rechaza la hipótesis nula y se acepta la
hipótesis alternativa.
De esta manera, la investigación llega a la conclusión que existen diferencias estadísticamente
significativas entre los valores trimestrales de todos los indicadores analizados de las MYPES
de calzado de la ciudad de Trujillo anteriores y posteriores de la aplicación del proyecto
PERSECC, lo que significa que el proyecto PERSECC incide de manera significativa en la
evolución de los indicadores de la productividad de cada una de las empresas del sector
Calzado que aplicaron al proyecto. La principal recomendación que se hace al área de
Proyectos I+D+i, es que el jefe de Proyectos autorice la continuación de la aplicación anual del
Proyecto PERSECC con la finalidad de ampliar la participación de más MYPES, manteniendo
un continuo control del registro de la data con respecto a la evaluación y seguimiento de
indicadores en la mejora de su productividad y de esta manera, definir mejor el apoyo de la
labor que viene realizando el CITEccal Trujillo para el aumento de la competitividad de las
empresas del sector calzado.
Palabras clave: Proyecto, Soporte Productivo, I+D, Productividad, Mypes (Micro y Pequeñas
Empresas), Sector Calzado, Producción Calzado, Comercio Calzado.ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to determine the impact of the project created by the Research,
Development and Innovation Projects Office of CITEccal Trujillo, the "PERSECC" project in the
productivity of the MSEs of the footwear sector in relation to the impact that this has with the
behavior of sales, production and other indicators of the companies that applied to PERSECC
during the year 2017, in order to demonstrate the work of the State to take measures aimed at
raising the levels of competitiveness of companies under study in relation to the reactivation of
this sector.
For the development of this research work, primary information sources were used because
they will be direct documents that will be obtained from the Research, Development and
Innovation office of CITEccal Trujillo. For this, the analysis of the documentation of the annual
record and quarterly evolution of sales, production, installed capacity, productive capacity,
investment in R & D & I, human resources, action plan of the PERSECC program was taken
account, which were provided directly from the area of the R + D + i project office for the
realization of the project. Then, the data was collected through the documentary analysis to be
processed in tables and graphs, consequently sample means were determined using the T -
Student test for related data (dependent samples). Finally, to measure the relationship between
the variables under study, it has been estimated the statistical probability value by which the null
hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted.
The main recommendation made to the area of R + D + i Projects, is that the Project Manager
continues to authorize the application of the PERSECC Project in the coming years in order to
expand the participation of more MYPES, maintaining a continuous control of the registry of the
data with respect to the evaluation and monitoring of indicators to improve their productivity and,
in this way, better define the support of the work that CITEccal Trujillo has been doing to
increase the competitiveness of companies in the footwear sector