Direito, arte e indústria: o problema da divisão da propriedade intelectual na economia criativa

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Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Law, art and industry: The problems caused by the divide of intellectual property in the Creative Economy landscape

Os regimes da propriedade intelectual enfrentam problemas de adaptação no cenário contemporâneo. O surgimento da Economia Criativa, de um lado, e a evolução do próprio conceito de arte, de outro, provocaram uma aproximação entre artigos industriais e obras artísticas, passando estas a serem produzidas também dentro de uma lógica comercial. Essas mudanças não foram acompanhadas pelo Direito, resultando em institutos jurídicos que hoje não se aplicam apropriadamente, ao tutelarem excessivamente bens considerados como artísticos (tais quais esculturas, desenhos, fotografias e filmes), ao mesmo tempo em que dispensam tratamento menos restritivo para produtos semelhantes, de setores econômicos em ascensão, como artigos de design. Este trabalho confirma a hipótese de que tal descompasso se deve à manutenção da divisão histórica das categorias da propriedade intelectual (a propriedade industrial e os direitos autorais), engessando a visão clássica da separação entre arte e indústria. Como solução, propomos uma série de diretrizes para orientar eventuais reformas legislativas, como também a doutrina e a jurisprudência, visando a reduzir a defasagem tanto entre os dois regimes jurídicos, quanto entre sua fundamentação original e a realidade atual de sua tutela.Intellectual property legal regimes in Brazil struggle to adapt to the current society. The emergence of the Creative Economy as well as the evolution of the concept of art have brought together industrial items to artistic works. Such changes have deep implications that are not reflected in Law. Legal regimes associated with intangible goods do not apply properly nowadays, as they rigorously protect objects considered as artistic (such as sculptures, drawings, photographs and films), but do not provide the same treatment for similar items provided by new economic sectors, like design products. This research argues that such discrepancy is due to the maintenance of the historical division between the categories of intellectual property, particularly, author\'s rights and industrial property, deepening the classic distinction between industry and art. As a solution, we advance a series of guidelines for reformers, legislators, scholars and judges, in order to reduce the gap between the two legal regimes, and the mismatch between their original rationale and the reality they currently protect

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved