Field tests for control of the mound-building termite Cornitermes cumulans (Kollar, 1832) (Isoptera, Termitidae)

Com a finalidade de combater o cupim de monte Cornitermes cumulans, importante espécie invasora, foram instalados dois campos experimentais. Experimento I: 60 ninhos foram escolhidos e medidos externamente. O ensaio constou de 6 tratamentos com 10 repetições: A) abamectina (50 cm³ CE 1,8%); B) silafluofem (200 cm³ CE 80%); C) silafluofem (400 cm³ CE 80%); D) fipronil (15g G 2%); E) fipronil (20g G 2%); F) clorpirifós (30g G 0,125%). Nos tratamentos A, B, C, as quantidades entre parênteses são da formulação comercial em 100 litros de água. Em D, E, F, são do granulado para cada ninho. Dos líquidos, usou-se um litro de calda por monte. A demolição dos montes deu-se após 103 dias da aplicação. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a abamectina e fipronil. Experimento II: Também neste ensaio os cupinzeiros foram 60, abrangendo 6 tratamentos com 10 repetições: A) fipronil (l0g G 2%); B) fipronil (15g G 2%); C) bendiocarbe (20g G 0,1%); D) bendiocarbe (20g G 0,5%); E) imidaclopride (0,15g G 70%); F) imidaclopride (0,30g G 70%). Em A, B, C, D, as quantidades de granulados são por ninho. Em E, F são de granulado dispersível em um litro de água, por ninho. A destruição dos cupinzeiros foi feita 148 e 149 dias após a aplicação. Os melhores resultados foram o fipronil e imidaclopride.Two field tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of several pesticides for the control of the mound termite pest in pastures. Experiment I: 60 mounds were selected and measured outside. There were 6 treatments with 10 replicátions: A) abamectin (50 cm³ 1.8% EC); B) silafluofen (200 cm³ 80% EC); C) silafluofen (400 cm³ 80% EC); D) fipronil (15g 2% G); E) fipronil (20g 2% G); F) chlorpirifos (30g 0.125% G). In A,B,C, the quantities between parenthesis are of the commercial formulation in 100 liters of water. In D,E,F, are of granular insecticides per mound. One liter of the liquids was used per nest. Demolition of the mounds were made 103 days after the application. The most efficient were abamectin and fipronil. Experiment II: Also 60 nests, with 6 treatments and 10 replicátions: A) fipronil (lOg 2% G); B) fipronil (15g 2% G); C) bendiocarb (20g 0.1% G); D) bendiocarh (20g 0.5% G); E) imidacloprid (0.15g 70% G); F) imidacloprid (0.30g 70% G). In A,B,C,D, the quantities of granular insecticides are by nest. In E,F, of dispersible granule in 1 liter of water, by nest. The demolition of the nests was made 148 and 149 days after the application. The most efficient were fipronil and imidacloprid

Geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 clades in the WHO European Region, January to June 2020

We show the distribution of SARS-CoV-2 genetic clades over time and between countries and outline potential genomic surveillance objectives. We applied three available genomic nomenclature systems for SARS-CoV-2 to all sequence data from the WHO European Region available during the COVID-19 pandemic until 10 July 2020. We highlight the importance of real-time sequencing and data dissemination in a pandemic situation. We provide a comparison of the nomenclatures and lay a foundation for future European genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2.Peer reviewe

Consumo, digestibilidade aparente, produção e composição do leite e variáveis ruminais em vacas leiteiras alimentadas com dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar Intake, apparent digestibility, milk production and composition and ruminal variables of dairy cows fed sugar cane based diets

Doze vacas da raça Holandesa, puras e mestiças, foram distribuídas em três quadrados latinos 4 x 4, com o objetivo de avaliar o consumo e a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, a produção e composição do leite, o pH e a amônia ruminais. As dietas foram constituídas à base de silagem de milho (SM) (AG 1051) com relação volumoso:concentrado (V:C) de 60:40, com base na matéria seca (MS), ou à base de cana-de-açúcar (CA) (RB 855536) com relação V:C de 60:40, com 0,35 ou 1% da mistura uréia+sulfato de amônio (SA) ou V:C de 50:50 com 1% de uréia+SA. O consumo de MS foi de 17,8; 14,9; 14,4 e 15,8 kg/dia, para as dietas, respectivamente. O maior consumo de MS resultou, também, em maior consumo de nutrientes para a dieta à base de SM, com exceção dos carboidratos não-fibrosos, em que se verificou maior consumo para a dieta com CA com 50% de concentrado. A produção de leite (PL) foi maior para a dieta à base de SM, não havendo diferença na PL entre as dietas contendo CA, sendo de 22,0; 19,0; 18,6 e 20,1 kg/dia e a produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura foi de 23,0; 19,7; 19,4 e 21,3 kg/dia para as dietas SM, CA 0,35%, CA 1%, CA 1% 50:50, respectivamente. Em relação à composição do leite, não foram encontradas diferenças entre as dietas. Os teores de gordura foram de 3,8, 3,8, 3,8 e 3,9% para as dietas, respectivamente. Não foram verificadas diferenças quanto à digestibilidade aparente da MS, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta e carboidratos totais entre as dietas. A digestibilidade aparente da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) foi maior para a dieta contendo SM (47%). Não houve diferença na digestibilidade da FDN, entre as diferentes dietas com CA, 32, 31 e 31%, respectivamente. Dentro de cada tempo (antes e três horas após a alimentação matinal), não houve diferença nos valores de pH e compostos nitrogenados amoniacais (N-NH3) entre as dietas.<br>Twelve purebred and crossbred Holstein cows were allotted to three 4 x 4 Latin Squares to evaluate the intake, apparent digestibility of nutrients, milk production and composition, ruminal pH and ammonia. The experimental diets were based on corn silage (CS) (AG 1051) with forage:concentrate ratio (F:C) of 60:40, in dry matter (DM) basis, or based on sugar cane (SC) (RB 855536) with F:C of 60:40 with .35 or 1% of urea+ammonium sulfate (AS) mixture or F:C of 50:50 with 1% of urea+AS. DM intake was 17.8, 14.9, 14.4, and 15.8 kg/day, for the diets, respectively. DM intake was higher, resulting in greater nutrient intake for CS based diet, except for the non fiber carbohydrates intake, which showed higher intake for SC based diet with 50% concentrate. Milk production (MP) was higher for the CS based diet, with no difference in MP among the SC based diets, with mean values of 22.0, 19.0, 18.6, and 20.1 kg/day and the 3.5% fat corrected milk production was 23.0, 19.7, 19.4, and 21.3 kg/day for the CS, SC .35%, SC 1% and SC 1% 50:50, respectively. Milk composition was not different among the experimental diets and milk fat contents were 3.8, 3.8, 3.8, and 3.9% for the CS, SC .35%, SC 1% and SC 1% 50:50, respectively. No difference on apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein and total carbohydrates among the diets was observed. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) apparent digestibility was higher for the CS based diet (47). There was no difference in NDF digestibility among SC based diets, 32, 31 and 31%, respectively. Inside each time (before and three hours after the morning feeding) there was no difference of pH values and amonia nitrogen compounds (N-NH3) among the diets

Silage quality of Brachiaria brizantha cultivars ensiled with different levels of millet meal

The silage quality of Brachiaria brizantha cultivars ensiled with different levels of millet meal was evaluated. The experimental design was a completely randomized with three replications in a factorial 3 x 4, with three cultivars of Brachiaria brizantha: marandu, xaraés, and piatã and four levels of millet meal 0, 5, 10, and 15%. The addition of millet meal improved the quality of B. brizantha silage. The inclusion of the additive at 15% provided the best nutritional values. The piatã silage had the lowest contents of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin and the highest content of total digestible nutrients, being a better quality silage as compared to those of xaraés and marandu grasses

The enzymatic basis for pesticide bioremediation

Enzymes are central to the biology of many pesticides, influencing their modes of action, environmental fates and mechanisms of target species resistance. Since the introduction of synthetic xenobiotic pesticides, enzymes responsible for pesticide turnover have evolved rapidly, in both the target organisms and incidentally exposed biota. Such enzymes are a source of significant biotechnological potential and form the basis of several bioremediation strategies intended to reduce the environmental impacts of pesticide residues. This review describes examples of enzymes possessing the major activities employed in the bioremediation of pesticide residues, and some of the strategies by which they are employed. In addition, several examples of specific achievements in enzyme engineering are considered, highlighting the growing trend in tailoring enzymatic activity to a specific biotechnologically relevant function