Proces Charpy prijeloma u duktilnom području

The fracturing of structural steels in Charpy ductile range is investigated. The dependences load versus deflection and time were recorded and the consumption of energy for different fracturing events, as f.i. plastic deflection and crack propagation was assessed. The micromorphology of the crack surface and lips is examined and the succesions of decohesion mechanims is deduced. The aproximate change of fracturing temperature due to adiabatic dissipation of deformation energy as heat is deduced, also.Proces Charpy prijeloma u duktilnom području. Izražen je proces Charpy prijeloma u duktilnom području. Određene su ovisnosti sila-savijanja i sila-vrijeme te potrošnja energije za različite faze prijeloma, npr. plastično savijanje i propagacija pukotine. Ispitna je mikromorfologija površine prijeloma i određen je redosljed mehanizama dekohezije. Izračunata je promjena temperature prijeloma glede adiabatske pretvorbe deformacijske energije u toplinu

Integrated Testing Approaches for the NASA Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle

The Ares I crew launch vehicle is being developed by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to provide crew and cargo access to the International Space Station (ISS) and, together with the Ares V cargo launch vehicle, serves as a critical component of NASA's future human exploration of the Moon. During the preliminary design phase, NASA defined and began implementing plans for integrated ground and flight testing necessary to achieve the first human launch of Ares I. The individual Ares I flight hardware elements - including the first stage five segment booster (FSB), upper stage, and J-2X upper stage engine - will undergo extensive development, qualification, and certification testing prior to flight. Key integrated system tests include the upper stage Main Propulsion Test Article (MPTA), acceptance tests of the integrated upper stage and upper stage engine assembly, a full-scale integrated vehicle ground vibration test (IVGVT), aerodynamic testing to characterize vehicle performance, and integrated testing of the avionics and software components. The Ares I-X development flight test will provide flight data to validate engineering models for aerodynamic performance, stage separation, structural dynamic performance, and control system functionality. The Ares I-Y flight test will validate ascent performance of the first stage, stage separation functionality, validate the ability of the upper stage to manage cryogenic propellants to achieve upper stage engine start conditions, and a high-altitude demonstration of the launch abort system (LAS) following stage separation. The Orion 1 flight test will be conducted as a full, un-crewed, operational flight test through the entire ascent flight profile prior to the first crewed launch

Integrated System Test Approaches for the NASA Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle

The Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle (CLV) is being developed by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to provide crew access to the International Space Station (ISS) and, together with the Ares V Cargo Launch Vehicle (CaLV), serves as one component of a future launch capability for human exploration of the Moon. During the system requirements definition process and early design cycles, NASA defined and began implementing plans for integrated ground and flight testing necessary to achieve the first human launch of Ares I. The individual Ares I flight hardware elements: the first stage five segment booster (FSB), upper stage, and J-2X upper stage engine, will undergo extensive development, qualification, and certification testing prior to flight. Key integrated system tests include the Main Propulsion Test Article (MPTA), acceptance tests of the integrated upper stage and upper stage engine assembly, a full-scale integrated vehicle dynamic test (IVDT), aerodynamic testing to characterize vehicle performance, and integrated testing of the avionics and software components. The Ares I-X development flight test will provide flight data to validate engineering models for aerodynamic performance, stage separation, structural dynamic performance, and control system functionality. The Ares I-Y flight test will validate ascent performance of the first stage, stage separation functionality, and a highaltitude actuation of the launch abort system (LAS) following separation. The Orion-1 flight test will be conducted as a full, un-crewed, operational flight test through the entire ascent flight profile prior to the first crewed launch

Mechanochemical action of the dynamin protein

Dynamin is a ubiquitous GTPase that tubulates lipid bilayers and is implicated in many membrane severing processes in eukaryotic cells. Setting the grounds for a better understanding of this biological function, we develop a generalized hydrodynamics description of the conformational change of large dynamin-membrane tubes taking into account GTP consumption as a free energy source. On observable time scales, dissipation is dominated by an effective dynamin/membrane friction and the deformation field of the tube has a simple diffusive behavior, which could be tested experimentally. A more involved, semi-microscopic model yields complete predictions for the dynamics of the tube and possibly accounts for contradictory experimental results concerning its change of conformation as well as for plectonemic supercoiling.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures; typos corrected, reference adde

Assessment of treatment outcomes of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in D R Congo: A study based on drug regimens used between 2007 to 2017: Évaluation des issues thérapeutiques des patients atteints de la tuberculose à bacilles multi résistants : étude basée sur les régimes de médicaments utilisés en République Démocratique du Congo de 2007 à 2017

Context. Little is known about therapeutic successes in MDR-TB patients under regimens containing second-line molecules. The present study aimed to assess therapeutic outcomes in patients under therapeutic regimens applied in DR Congo. Methods. This historical cohort study has included confirmed MDR-TB patients who received treatment between 2007 and 2017 in 218 TB centers in DR Congo. Treatment outcome and survival at 36 months were analyzed using Zscore and chi square test. Kaplan-Meier method was performed to describe survival and Log Rank test helped in comparing curve based on the therapeutical regimen. Factors associated with therapeutic success and mortality predictors were assessed using multivariate logistic regression and Cox regression analysis, respectively. Results. The therapeutic success in the study group (n=1,724) was 72% (range 68-74%) for all regimen combined. The average death rate was 12.8% although the group of patients receiving Cyclosérine and Ofloxacine was the most affected (16%). The death rate was significantly higher in patients living in urban areas (15.2% versus 14.9%, p = 0.013) and also among MDR-TB/HIV co-infected patients (28.4% vs 15.7%, p<0.001) patients. The median survival of the study group was 722.7 days compared to 601.1 days for MDR-TB/HIV co-infected patients, and 736.7 days for HIV negative patients (p<0.001). Conclusion. Therapeutic successes are significant for the short regimen. However, the death rate remains high when Cycloserine and Ofloxacin are included in the regimen. The predictors of mortality are HIV infection and living in urban areas. Contexte. L’issue thérapeutique de la tuberculose multi résistante (TB-MR) sous les molécules de deuxième intention n’est pas très bien connue. La présente étude a évalué les régimes thérapeutiques appliqués, en termes de succès thérapeutique et de survie. Méthodes. L’étude de cohorte historique a inclu les patients TB-MR confirmés et traités entre 2007 et 2017 dans 218 centres de tuberculose en RD Congo. L’issue thérapeutique et la survie à 36 mois ont été analysées. Le score Z ou le test de chi carré ont comparé des issues. La méthode de Kaplan-Meier a décrit les courbes de survie et le test de Log Rank a comparé la survie en fonction du regime therapeutique. Les facteurs associés au succès thérapeutique et les prédicteurs de mortalité ont été analysés respectivement, par l’analyse multivariée de régression logistique et de Cox. Résultats. Dans le groupe étudié (n=1724), le succès thérapeutique a été de 72% (68-74%) pour l’ensemble des régimes. Le taux était plus élevé pour le régime court (74%) et plus faible pour le régime contenant la Cyclosérine et l’Ofloxacine (68%). La moyenne de décès était de 12,8% ; mais plus élevée dans le groupe sous regime contenant la Cyclosérine et l’Ofloxacine (16%). Le taux de décès était significativement plus élevé en milieu urbain (15,2% versus 14,9 %, p = 0,013) et également chez les sujets co-infectés par la MDR-TB  et le VIH (28.4% vs 15.7%, p <0,001). La survie médiane dans le groupe était de 722,7 jours contre 601,1 jours chez les co-infectés MDR-TB/VIH, et de 736,7 jours) chez les patients VIH négatifs (p<0,001). Conclusion. Les succès thérapeutiques sont acceptables en particulier, pour le régime court ; toutefois, le taux de décès demeure encore très élevé dans le groupe sous Cyclosérine et Ofloxacine. Les prédicteurs de mortalité sont l’infection à VIH et la vie citadine. &nbsp

Spillback Effects of Expansion When Product-Types and Firm-Types Differ

Contrary to perspectives that credit firms with only limited abilities to undertake significant change successfully, recent research has demonstrated that firms often improve their performance after undertaking major expansion to their operations. In this paper, we build on a study by Mitchell and Singh (1993) to test for differences in expansion effects, depending on whether the new goods substitute for old products and whether the firm is a generalist or specialist participant in the industry. The analysis helps us understand when a business can undertake major change successfully. The results have implications for ecological and other definitions of the core of a business and highlight the necessity for firms to undertake changes even at considerable risk to their existing operations.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68398/2/10.1177_014920639502100105.pd

A multi-decade record of high quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT)

The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is a synthesis of quality-controlled fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) values for the global surface oceans and coastal seas with regular updates. Version 3 of SOCAT has 14.7 million fCO2 values from 3646 data sets covering the years 1957 to 2014. This latest version has an additional 4.6 million fCO2 values relative to version 2 and extends the record from 2011 to 2014. Version 3 also significantly increases the data availability for 2005 to 2013. SOCAT has an average of approximately 1.2 million surface water fCO2 values per year for the years 2006 to 2012. Quality and documentation of the data has improved. A new feature is the data set quality control (QC) flag of E for data from alternative sensors and platforms. The accuracy of surface water fCO2 has been defined for all data set QC flags. Automated range checking has been carried out for all data sets during their upload into SOCAT. The upgrade of the interactive Data Set Viewer (previously known as the Cruise Data Viewer) allows better interrogation of the SOCAT data collection and rapid creation of high-quality figures for scientific presentations. Automated data upload has been launched for version 4 and will enable more frequent SOCAT releases in the future. High-profile scientific applications of SOCAT include quantification of the ocean sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide and its long-term variation, detection of ocean acidification, as well as evaluation of coupled-climate and ocean-only biogeochemical models. Users of SOCAT data products are urged to acknowledge the contribution of data providers, as stated in the SOCAT Fair Data Use Statement. This ESSD (Earth System Science Data) “living data” publication documents the methods and data sets used for the assembly of this new version of the SOCAT data collection and compares these with those used for earlier versions of the data collection (Pfeil et al., 2013; Sabine et al., 2013; Bakker et al., 2014). Individual data set files, included in the synthesis product, can be downloaded here: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.849770. The gridded products are available here: doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.SOCAT_V3_GRID

Архетип свобода у контексті французької політичної теорії та історії

Розглянуто сучасні підходи щодо аналізу політичної ментальності. У межах політологічного аналізу окреслено коло проблем, які потребують вирішення з використанням підходів психології. Зроблено висновок про те, що архетип “свобода” становить важливий елемент політичної ментальності французів.Modern approaches of analysis of political mentality are considered. Within the limits of political science analysis outlined circle of problems which need decision with the use of approaches of psychology. A conclusion is done that archetype freedom makes the important element of political mentality of French’s

Depression and sickness behavior are Janus-faced responses to shared inflammatory pathways

It is of considerable translational importance whether depression is a form or a consequence of sickness behavior. Sickness behavior is a behavioral complex induced by infections and immune trauma and mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. It is an adaptive response that enhances recovery by conserving energy to combat acute inflammation. There are considerable phenomenological similarities between sickness behavior and depression, for example, behavioral inhibition, anorexia and weight loss, and melancholic (anhedonia), physio-somatic (fatigue, hyperalgesia, malaise), anxiety and neurocognitive symptoms. In clinical depression, however, a transition occurs to sensitization of immuno-inflammatory pathways, progressive damage by oxidative and nitrosative stress to lipids, proteins, and DNA, and autoimmune responses directed against self-epitopes. The latter mechanisms are the substrate of a neuroprogressive process, whereby multiple depressive episodes cause neural tissue damage and consequent functional and cognitive sequelae. Thus, shared immuno-inflammatory pathways underpin the physiology of sickness behavior and the pathophysiology of clinical depression explaining their partially overlapping phenomenology. Inflammation may provoke a Janus-faced response with a good, acute side, generating protective inflammation through sickness behavior and a bad, chronic side, for example, clinical depression, a lifelong disorder with positive feedback loops between (neuro)inflammation and (neuro)degenerative processes following less well defined triggers