Contingency planning for cancer care in low- and middle-income countries during the COVID-19 pandemic : a rapid assessment for future disaster resilience

Q3Q3Background: Many countries appear to be ill-prepared in their emergency responses towards the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, particularly in managing chronic diseases such as cancer. We aimed to gain insight on the preparedness of health systems within low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in maintaining delivery of cancer care amid the pandemic. Methods: We performed a rapid review of publications focusing on emergency contingency plans for cancer care during the pandemic in LMICs. An online desk research was conducted to identify relevant policy documents, guidelines or scientific publications. Results: Very few LMICs had readily accessible documents to ensure continuity in delivery of cancer care during the pandemic. A majority of publications were focused on delivery of cancer treatment whereas early detection, diagnosis and delivery of supportive and survivorship care received very little attention. Far fewer of the published guidelines appear to have been formulated at the national level by governmental agencies. A vast majority of publications constituted consensus guidelines from professional societies, followed by sharing of best practices from local institutions. Overall, three main strategies have been recommended to maintain delivery of cancer care amid the pandemic in LMICs: 1) Modification of cancer treatment regimens, 2) Changes in methods of administration of curative and supportive cancer care and 3) Implementation of generic measures to reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection in healthcare settings. Conclusion: All LMICs should consider collating best practices from the current pandemic and translating them into an explicit cancer preparedness plan, which can be escalated during future disasters.https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7187-9946https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4656-6064Revista Internacional - IndexadaBN

Clinical characteristics of women diagnosed with carcinoma who tested positive for cervical and anal high-risk human papillomavirus DNA and E6 RNA

High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) is an essential cause of cervical carcinoma and is also strongly related to anal cancer development. The hrHPV E6 oncoprotein plays a major role in carcinogenesis. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of hrHPV DNA and E6 oncoprotein in the anuses of women with cervical carcinoma. We analyzed 117 women with cervical cancer and 103 controls for hrHPV and the E6 oncogene. Positive test results for a cervical carcinoma included 66.7 % with hrHPV-16 and 7.7 % with hrHPV-18. One case tested positive for both HPV variants (0.9 %). The samples from the anal canal were positive for HPV-16 in 59.8 % of the cases. Simultaneous presence of HPV in the cervix and anal canal was found in 53.8 % of the cases. Regarding expression of E6 RNA, positivity for HPV-16 in the anal canal was found in 21.2 % of the cases, positivity for HPV-16 in the cervix was found in 75.0 %, and positivity for HPV-18 in the cervix was found in 1.9 %. E6 expression in both the cervix and anal canal was found in 19.2 % of the cases. In the controls, 1 % tested positive for HPV-16 and 0 % for HPV-18. Anal samples from the controls showed a hrHPV frequency of 4.9 % (only HPV16). The presence of hrHPV in the anal canal of women with cervical cancer was detected at a high frequency. We also detected E6 RNA expression in the anal canal of women with cervical cancer, suggesting that these women are at risk for anal hrHPV infection.We acknowledge the Research Support Fund of the State of São Paulo (FAPESP), process number 2010/16795–4), for the financial support grants. FAPESP had no other type of influence on this manuscript beyond the financial suppor

Participation of Lower and Upper Middle-Income Countries in Clinical Trials Led by High-Income Countries.

Importance: Many randomized clinical trials (RCTs) led by high-income countries (HICs) now enroll patients from lower middle-income countries (LMICs) and upper middle-income countries (UMICs). Although enrolling diverse populations promotes research collaborations, there are issues regarding which countries participate in RCTs and how this participation may contribute to global research. Objective: To describe which UMICs and LMICs participate in RCTs led by HICs. Design, Setting, and Participants: A cross-sectional study of all oncology RCTs published globally during January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2017, was conducted. The study cohort was restricted to RCTs led by HICs that enrolled participants from LMICs and UMICs. Study analyses were conducted in November 1, 2021, to May 31, 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures: A bibliometric approach (Web of Science 2007-2017) was used to explore whether RCT participation was proportional to other measures of cancer research activity. Participation in RCTs (ie, percentage of RCTs in the cohort in which each LMIC and UMIC participated) was compared with country-level cancer research bibliometric output (ie, percentage of total cancer research bibliometric output from the same group of countries that came from a specific LMIC and UMIC). Results: Among the 636 HIC-led RCTs, 186 trials (29%) enrolled patients in LMICs (n = 84 trials involving 11 LMICs) and/or UMICs (n = 181 trials involving 26 UMICs). The most common participating LMICs were India (42 [50%]), Ukraine (39 [46%]), Philippines (23 [27%]), and Egypt (12 [14%]). The most common participating UMICs were Russia (115 [64%]), Brazil (94 [52%]), Romania (62 [34%]), China (56 [31%]), Mexico (56 [31%]), and South Africa (54 [30%]). Several LMICs are overrepresented in the cohort of RCTs based on proportional cancer research bibliometric output: Ukraine (46% of RCTs but 2% of cancer research bibliometric output), Philippines (27% RCTs, 1% output), and Georgia (8% RCTs, 0.2% output). Overrepresented UMICs include Russia (64% RCTs, 2% output), Romania (34% RCTs, 2% output), Mexico (31% RCTs, 2% output), and South Africa (30% RCTs, 1% output). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study, a substantial proportion of RCTs led by HICs enrolled patients in LMICs and UMICs. The LMICs and UMICs that participated in these trials did not match overall cancer bibliometric output as a surrogate for research ecosystem maturity. Reasons for this apparent discordance and how these data may inform future capacity-strengthening activities require further study

Genetic associations at 53 loci highlight cell types and biological pathways relevant for kidney function.

Reduced glomerular filtration rate defines chronic kidney disease and is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), combining data across 133,413 individuals with replication in up to 42,166 individuals. We identify 24 new and confirm 29 previously identified loci. Of these 53 loci, 19 associate with eGFR among individuals with diabetes. Using bioinformatics, we show that identified genes at eGFR loci are enriched for expression in kidney tissues and in pathways relevant for kidney development and transmembrane transporter activity, kidney structure, and regulation of glucose metabolism. Chromatin state mapping and DNase I hypersensitivity analyses across adult tissues demonstrate preferential mapping of associated variants to regulatory regions in kidney but not extra-renal tissues. These findings suggest that genetic determinants of eGFR are mediated largely through direct effects within the kidney and highlight important cell types and biological pathways

Quality performance indicators in women with breast cancer detected by the mammographic screening program from Barretos Cancer Hospital

Os programas de rastreamento mamográfico (PRM) organizados atingem redução de mortalidade por câncer de mama em até 35%, principalmente quando submetidos a controle de qualidade efetivo. O PRM realizado pelo Hospital de Câncer de Barretos (HCB) é oferecido através de Unidades Móveis e Fixa desde 2003, para mulheres entre 40 e 69 anos, pertencentes à V Regional de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo Barretos (DRS). Trata-se de um projeto pioneiro no Brasil que necessita enquadrar-se em critérios de controle de qualidade para que atinja resultados comparáveis aos da literatura. Objetivo: Este estudo visa avaliar os indicadores de qualidade de detecção e tratamento das pacientes portadoras de câncer de mama diagnosticadas pelo PRM-HCB na DRS-V de São Paulo, entre 2003 e 2010. Métodos: Foram revisados os prontuários de todas as pacientes com câncer de mama, detectados pelo PRM-HCB no período. Os indicadores de controle de qualidade incluíram dados de: estadiamento, diagnóstico, tratamento, laudo patológico, intervalos de tempo, e dados descritivos. As pacientes sintomáticas tiveram os indicadores analisados em separado das assintomáticas. As variáveis contínuas e categóricas foram comparadas aos parâmetros estabelecidos pela European Breast Cancer Network (EBCN), utilizando-se o programa SPSS 15. Resultados: Foram incluídas 257 mulheres. Os estádios clínicos 0 e I compreenderam 68,3% (125/183) dentre as assintomáticas e 33,8% (24/71) das sintomáticas, com 3 casos sem informação (nível desejável >70%). O tamanho médio do tumor foi de 1,96cm entre as assintomáticas e de 3,2cm dentre as sintomáticas (p=0,000). A cirurgia foi conservadora em 85,2% das assintomáticas e em 62,5% das sintomáticas. Dentre os 25 indicadores adequadamente avaliados, 18 encontravam-se em níveis desejáveis, sendo 7 deles a respeito da adequação do tratamento cirúrgico. Um dos indicadores de tempo esteve em nível aceitável (tempo entre a indicação de cirurgia e o procedimento cirúrgico médio de 17,9 dias úteis, nível aceitável = 15du), enquanto outros 2 estiveram insuficientes. Os intervalos de tempo para o laudo anátomo-patológico (AP) estiveram em níveis satisfatórios (82,1% dos laudos AP de diagnóstico em 10du ou menos, nível desejável 80%). As principais deficiências relacionadas ao tempo foram da mamografia de rastreamento até a matrícula (média de 32du, nível aceitável = 5du) e da matrícula aos demais exames diagnósticos (média de 27du; nível aceitável = 5du). Conclusões: Os indicadores de estádio dentre as mulheres assintomáticas estiveram em níveis aceitáveis, entretanto, as mulheres sintomáticas apresentaram tumores maiores e em estádios mais avançados. A abordagem multidisciplinar como Unidade de Mama possibilitou atingir níveis adequados e comparáveis aos europeus quanto aos métodos diagnósticos e terapêuticos. Deficiências quanto aos intervalos de tempo e barreiras que dificultam a adesão da população demandam intervenções futuras. A análise de indicadores de qualidade foi factível e permitiu diagnosticar uma adequação parcial dos processos de diagnóstico e tratamento das pacientes com câncer de mama detectado pelo PRM-HCB, segundo os critérios estabelecidos pela EBCNIn order to achieve a reduction of 35% in breast cancer mortality, organized mammographic screening (MMGS) programs demand quality assurance. BCH has been offering MMGS for 40 to 69-year-old women, since 2003, by means of three mobile units and a standardized breast unit, through the public health system. It is a pioneer Brazilian project, in a São Paulo State nonmetropolitan setting, that has to attend quality assurance to achieve results comparable to those presented in the actual literature. Objective: This study aims to analyze the quality performance indicators regarding diagnosis methods and treatment offered to women whose breast cancer was detected by the BCH MMGS program, between 2003 and 2010. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of breast cancer patients whose disease was detected by the BCH MMGS program during the period. Quality indicators included data about: stage, diagnosis, treatment, pathology, time intervals, and descriptive information. Symptomatic women at the moment of the first evaluation had their data evaluated separately from the asymptomatic. The data gathered were analyzed using SPSS 15. The results were compared to the European Breast Cancer Network Guidelines for quality assurance. Results: 257 patients were included in this study. Stages 0 and I corresponded to 68.3% (125/183) of the asymptomatic cases, and 33.8% (24/71) of the symptomatic group (desirable level >70%), with 3 missing cases. The mean tumor size was 1.96cm for the asymptomatic patients, and 3.2cm for the symptomatic (p=0.000). Breast conserving surgery was possible in 85.2% of the asymptomatic patients, and in 62.5% of the symptomatic. Among the 25 quality indicators adequately evaluated, 18 were in desirable levels. Seven of them were related to the surgical approach. One of the time interval indicators was considered acceptable (mean time interval between decision to operate and date of surgery = 17.9 working days, acceptable level = 15wd), but 2 were in insufficient levels. Time intervals for pathology reports were sufficient (82.1% of the diagnostic pathology reports were performed in 10wd or less, desirable level80%). Main deficiencies were related to time interval between the mammogram and the first evaluation (mean=32wd, acceptable level=5wd) and the evaluation and the results of the additional exams (mean=27wd, acceptable level=5wd). Conclusions: Stage quality indicators were adequate for the asymptomatic group. Symptomatic women had larger tumors, with more advanced stages. The multidisciplinary approach was important to achieve acceptable and desirable levels regarding diagnostic methods and treatment. Deficiencies concerning time intervals and possible barriers that represent delays demand a future action plan. The analysis of quality indicators was feasible and allowed to diagnose a partial adjustment in the diagnostic and treatment process of the cancer patients detected by the BCH MMGS based on the EBCN Guidelines criteri

Quality performance indicators in women with breast cancer detected by the mammographic screening program from Barretos Cancer Hospital

Os programas de rastreamento mamográfico (PRM) organizados atingem redução de mortalidade por câncer de mama em até 35%, principalmente quando submetidos a controle de qualidade efetivo. O PRM realizado pelo Hospital de Câncer de Barretos (HCB) é oferecido através de Unidades Móveis e Fixa desde 2003, para mulheres entre 40 e 69 anos, pertencentes à V Regional de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo Barretos (DRS). Trata-se de um projeto pioneiro no Brasil que necessita enquadrar-se em critérios de controle de qualidade para que atinja resultados comparáveis aos da literatura. Objetivo: Este estudo visa avaliar os indicadores de qualidade de detecção e tratamento das pacientes portadoras de câncer de mama diagnosticadas pelo PRM-HCB na DRS-V de São Paulo, entre 2003 e 2010. Métodos: Foram revisados os prontuários de todas as pacientes com câncer de mama, detectados pelo PRM-HCB no período. Os indicadores de controle de qualidade incluíram dados de: estadiamento, diagnóstico, tratamento, laudo patológico, intervalos de tempo, e dados descritivos. As pacientes sintomáticas tiveram os indicadores analisados em separado das assintomáticas. As variáveis contínuas e categóricas foram comparadas aos parâmetros estabelecidos pela European Breast Cancer Network (EBCN), utilizando-se o programa SPSS 15. Resultados: Foram incluídas 257 mulheres. Os estádios clínicos 0 e I compreenderam 68,3% (125/183) dentre as assintomáticas e 33,8% (24/71) das sintomáticas, com 3 casos sem informação (nível desejável >70%). O tamanho médio do tumor foi de 1,96cm entre as assintomáticas e de 3,2cm dentre as sintomáticas (p=0,000). A cirurgia foi conservadora em 85,2% das assintomáticas e em 62,5% das sintomáticas. Dentre os 25 indicadores adequadamente avaliados, 18 encontravam-se em níveis desejáveis, sendo 7 deles a respeito da adequação do tratamento cirúrgico. Um dos indicadores de tempo esteve em nível aceitável (tempo entre a indicação de cirurgia e o procedimento cirúrgico médio de 17,9 dias úteis, nível aceitável = 15du), enquanto outros 2 estiveram insuficientes. Os intervalos de tempo para o laudo anátomo-patológico (AP) estiveram em níveis satisfatórios (82,1% dos laudos AP de diagnóstico em 10du ou menos, nível desejável 80%). As principais deficiências relacionadas ao tempo foram da mamografia de rastreamento até a matrícula (média de 32du, nível aceitável = 5du) e da matrícula aos demais exames diagnósticos (média de 27du; nível aceitável = 5du). Conclusões: Os indicadores de estádio dentre as mulheres assintomáticas estiveram em níveis aceitáveis, entretanto, as mulheres sintomáticas apresentaram tumores maiores e em estádios mais avançados. A abordagem multidisciplinar como Unidade de Mama possibilitou atingir níveis adequados e comparáveis aos europeus quanto aos métodos diagnósticos e terapêuticos. Deficiências quanto aos intervalos de tempo e barreiras que dificultam a adesão da população demandam intervenções futuras. A análise de indicadores de qualidade foi factível e permitiu diagnosticar uma adequação parcial dos processos de diagnóstico e tratamento das pacientes com câncer de mama detectado pelo PRM-HCB, segundo os critérios estabelecidos pela EBCNIn order to achieve a reduction of 35% in breast cancer mortality, organized mammographic screening (MMGS) programs demand quality assurance. BCH has been offering MMGS for 40 to 69-year-old women, since 2003, by means of three mobile units and a standardized breast unit, through the public health system. It is a pioneer Brazilian project, in a São Paulo State nonmetropolitan setting, that has to attend quality assurance to achieve results comparable to those presented in the actual literature. Objective: This study aims to analyze the quality performance indicators regarding diagnosis methods and treatment offered to women whose breast cancer was detected by the BCH MMGS program, between 2003 and 2010. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of breast cancer patients whose disease was detected by the BCH MMGS program during the period. Quality indicators included data about: stage, diagnosis, treatment, pathology, time intervals, and descriptive information. Symptomatic women at the moment of the first evaluation had their data evaluated separately from the asymptomatic. The data gathered were analyzed using SPSS 15. The results were compared to the European Breast Cancer Network Guidelines for quality assurance. Results: 257 patients were included in this study. Stages 0 and I corresponded to 68.3% (125/183) of the asymptomatic cases, and 33.8% (24/71) of the symptomatic group (desirable level >70%), with 3 missing cases. The mean tumor size was 1.96cm for the asymptomatic patients, and 3.2cm for the symptomatic (p=0.000). Breast conserving surgery was possible in 85.2% of the asymptomatic patients, and in 62.5% of the symptomatic. Among the 25 quality indicators adequately evaluated, 18 were in desirable levels. Seven of them were related to the surgical approach. One of the time interval indicators was considered acceptable (mean time interval between decision to operate and date of surgery = 17.9 working days, acceptable level = 15wd), but 2 were in insufficient levels. Time intervals for pathology reports were sufficient (82.1% of the diagnostic pathology reports were performed in 10wd or less, desirable level80%). Main deficiencies were related to time interval between the mammogram and the first evaluation (mean=32wd, acceptable level=5wd) and the evaluation and the results of the additional exams (mean=27wd, acceptable level=5wd). Conclusions: Stage quality indicators were adequate for the asymptomatic group. Symptomatic women had larger tumors, with more advanced stages. The multidisciplinary approach was important to achieve acceptable and desirable levels regarding diagnostic methods and treatment. Deficiencies concerning time intervals and possible barriers that represent delays demand a future action plan. The analysis of quality indicators was feasible and allowed to diagnose a partial adjustment in the diagnostic and treatment process of the cancer patients detected by the BCH MMGS based on the EBCN Guidelines criteri

Extremely Rare Case of Vulvar Myxoid Epithelioid Sarcoma

Epithelioid sarcoma is a distinct sarcoma type with specific morphology and immunophenotype. An epithelioid sarcoma of the vulva is an extremely rare and aggressive tumor and most commonly occurs on the labia majora in women of reproductive age. Only few cases have been reported, especially with the presence of focal myxoid changes. Early diagnosis is difficult because of its benign appearance as a painless subcutaneous nodule. Optimal treatment is not well established due to its rarity. We report a successfully approached case of vulvar epithelioid sarcoma that occurred in a 34-year-old female patient, treated with wide local excision, and review of the current medical literature

Robotic nipple-sparing mastectomy for cancer risk reduction: demonstration of applicability and surgical results

Introduction: Robotic nipple sparing mastectomy (RNSM) may be a breakthrough for breast cancer risk reduction surgeries, providing better aesthetic results. This study aims to spread the knowledge of the robotic surgical technique, still little performed in the world, and to demonstrate the applicability and surgical results. Methods: RNSM was offered to patients with small or medium volume breasts, ptosis up to grade 2, and all with genetic mutations at increased risk for breast cancer. The Surgical System da Vinci Si® (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA) was used for the surgeries. The satisfaction of each patient and the time of the surgeries were evaluated. Results: A total of 4 patients underwent surgery, all of whom had genetic mutations that would make breast cancer prevalent. The duration of the surgery was drastically reduced from 6h20min to 3h in the last surgery. There were no serious complications, such as prosthesis loss or nipple necrosis. Skin burning was noted in two patients, with complete resolution over the weeks. Conclusion: RNSM has a fast-learning curve and excellent aesthetic results in patients who fit the criteria for surgery

How much platinum passes the placental barrier? Analysis of platinum applications in 21 patients with cervical cancer during pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: Cervical cancer is the most common solid cancer diagnosed in pregnancy. Platinum is an active drug in the treatment of patients with cervical cancer. In the second and third trimesters, platinum is used to prevent cancer progression until fetal maturity is reached. However, knowledge about the transplacental passage of platinum is very limited. STUDY DESIGN: Between May 2008 and June 2014, platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy was applied to 21 consecutive patients with cervical cancer diagnosed in their second trimester. At the time of delivery by cesarean delivery, synchronous samples from maternal blood, umbilical cord blood, and amniotic fluid were taken and analyzed for platinum concentrations. RESULTS: The mean week of gestation at cancer diagnosis was 17 (13-23). On average 3 (range, 2-4) cycles of chemotherapy were applied. Cesarean deliveries were carried out between 30.4 and 36.5 weeks of gestation. Twenty-two healthy babies without renal, hepatic, auditory, or hematopoietic impairment were delivered. Platinum concentrations in umbilical cord blood and amniotic fluid were 23-65% and 11-42% of the maternal blood, respectively. CONCLUSION: This series on in vivo measurement of platinum concentrations in the fetomaternal compartment observed that because of consistently lower platinum values in the fetoplacental unit, a placental filtration mechanism of platinum may be assumed