Corrosão atmosférica do patrimônio cultural em bronze : histórico, desafios e perspectivas futuras

Objetos artísticos e históricos constituem parte importante do patrimônio cultural, documentando o pensamento e o momento histórico de uma sociedade. As obras em bronze expostas ao ar livre, parte fundamental do acervo cultural, sofrem desgaste e considerável desfiguração estética pela ação do tempo, sendo sua preservação de grande importância para a manutenção de sua função social. Nesse sentido, se faz necessária a compreensão dos mecanismos de corrosão associados, considerando o bronze patrimonial e as condições a que são submetidos. Neste trabalho foi realizada revisão da literatura em corrosão da liga de bronze quaternária, de composição majoritária em cobre contendo frações em torno de 5% de estanho, chumbo e zinco, representativa das obras expostas, através de consulta aos principais buscadores e portais científicos, objetivando a discussão de métodos e resultados, além de apontar tendências futuras. Foi evidenciado o impacto da composição atmosférica e pluvial no processo de degradação, demonstrado pelo efeito da chuva ácida, que lixivia preferencialmente cobre e zinco da liga, instaurando uma camada porosa de óxidos de estanho amorfos. Também foi verificada importância dos diferentes constituintes de liga e de sua microestrutura, com a formação de zonas catódicas e anódicas ao longo da superfície, devido à microssegregação. A corrosão atmosférica do bronze quaternário é complexa e dependente de muitas variáveis. Os últimos avanços apontam na direção do desenvolvimento de método de envelhecimento artificial, a fim de compreender melhor o processo de corrosão, além de produzir amostras similares às reais, visando alicerçar estudos aplicados.Artistic and historical objects are an important part of cultural heritage, documenting the thoughts and historical moment of a society. Bronze works exposed to the outdoors, a fundamental part of the cultural collection, suffer wear and considerable aesthetic disfigurement due to weathering, with their preservation being of great importance for the maintenance of their social function. In this sense, it is necessary to understand the associated corrosion mechanisms, considering heritage bronze and the conditions to which they are subjected. In this work a review of the literature on corrosion of quaternary bronze alloy, with majority copper composition containing fractions around 5% tin, lead and zinc, representative of the works exhibited, was carried out through research within the main scientific search engines and portals, aiming at the discussion of methods and results, in addition to pointing out future trends. The impact of atmospheric and pluvial composition on the degradation process was evidenced, demonstrated by the effect of acid rain, which preferably leaches copper and zinc from the alloy, establishing a porous layer of amorphous tin oxides. The importance of the different alloy constituents and their microstructure was also verified, with the formation of cathodic and anodic zones along the surface, due to microsegregation. The atmospheric corrosion of quaternary bronze is complex and dependent on many variables. The latest advances point towards the development of an artificial aging method, in order to better understand the corrosion process, in addition to producing samples similar to the real ones, aiming to support applied studies

Hospitalidade urbana e design de espaços públicos : a trajetória da Praça Almirante Tamandaré em Balneário Camboriú/SC. Brasil

This research aims to rescue the history of Almirante Tamandaré public square in Balneário Camboriú/SC, evidencing its importance to the city and to the tourism, considering its privileged position and that it is a multifunctional space and, above all, its unique history, described by several actors of public management and citizens that live in Balneário Camboriú city. In the context of the Tamandaré Square’s history, the research intends to make explicit the relation between the urban hospitality and the public space design, as well as the consequent implications on the tourism of the city. Concerning to the methodology, the research will be qualitative, exploratory, of phenomenological character allied to oral history as the method used to collect interviews, besides documentary research in historical files and bibliographies of contemporary authors. Among the results proved that tourism dispenses public spaces of the squares of the central area of Balneario Camboriu, the way in which they currently have.Esta pesquisa objetiva resgatar a história da Praça Pública Almirante Tamandaré em Balneário Camboriú/SC, evidenciando sua importância para a cidade e para o turismo, pela posição privilegiada, por ser um espaço multifuncional e, sobretudo pela sua história impar, descrita por vários atores da gestão pública de Balneário Camboriú. No contexto desta história da Praça Tamandaré, pretende-se explicitar a relação da hospitalidade urbana e o design de espaço público e a sua implicação no turismo da cidade. Com relação à metodologia, a pesquisa será qualitativa, exploratória, com caráter fonomenológico, aliado ao uso da história oral como método para coleta de entrevistas, além de pesquisa documental em arquivos históricos e bibliografia de autores contemporâneos que pesquisam na área de turismo. Entre os resultados revelou-se que a atividade turística prescinde dos espaços públicos das praças da área central de Balneário Camboriú, da forma como se apresentam atualmente

Performance evaluation of Cryo Laser Phoresis technique as biophysical method to promote diclofenac sodium cutaneous perfusion

No sentido de alterar e/ou melhorar a penetração de substâncias na pele, diversas estratégias têm sido desenvolvidas, variando desde a aplicação de novos veículos e ativos encapsulados, até equipamentos que atuam por métodos biofísicos. Uma das técnicas de absorção física, atualmente conhecida como Crio Laser Forese (CLF), consiste em um aparato que emite radiação sobre moléculas polares ou apolares da substância ativa, tornando sua penetração mais rápida, se comparada à administração tópica comum. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de um método que propõe aumentar a permeação cutânea do diclofenaco de sódio incorporado a um gel, por meio do uso da CLF. A influência sobre a permeação foi avaliada ex vivo, utilizando célula de Franz e pele humana obtida de cirurgia plástica. Os resultados foram balizados mediante aplicação de métodos estatísticos e análise exploratória de dados: clusters, k-means e Análise por Componentes Principais. Os resultados demonstraram aumento na concentração do diclofenaco de sódio na derme com o uso do laser. Em todas as amostras (com ou sem aplicação de laser), observou-se, uma quantidade de diclofenaco de sódio na superfície da pele e que não houve passagem de ativo para o líquido do receptor, sugerindo que o diclofenaco de sódio não foi absorvido. Estes resultados indicam que CLF usada sob as condições descritas neste estudo é capaz de aumentar a penetração do diclofenaco de sódio e sua retenção em camadas mais profundas da peleAiming to alter and/or improve permeation of active compounds in the skin, many strategies have been developed, including biophysical methods. One of the physical absorption techniques, currently known as Cryo Laser Phoresis (CLP), consists of an apparatus that emits radiation on polar or nonpolar molecules of the active substance, resulting in faster penetration when in comparison to the standard topical application. The goal of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of a method that proposes to increase cutaneous permeation of diclofenac sodium by using CLP technique. The influence on permeation was evaluated ex vivo, using Franz cell and human skin obtained from cosmetic surgery. The results were evaluated using statistical methods and data exploratory analysis: clusters, k-means and Principal Component Analysis. The results showed a larger increase in the concentration of diclofenac sodium in the dermis with the use of laser. In all samples (with or without laser application) it was observed that skin surface showed an amount of diclofenac sodium and that there was no active passage to the receptor liquid, suggesting that diclofenac sodium was not absorbed. These results indicate that CLP, when used under the conditions described in this study, is able to increase diclofenac sodium penetration and its retention into deeper layers

Integration of proteomic and metabolomic analyses: New insights for mapping informal workers exposed to potentially toxic elements

Occupational exposure to potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is a concerning reality of informal workers engaged in the jewelry production chain that can lead to adverse health effects. In this study, untargeted proteomic and metabolomic analyses were employed to assess the impact of these exposures on informal workers' exposome in Limeira city, São Paulo state, Brazil. PTE levels (Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sn, Sb, Hg, and Pb) were determined in blood, proteomic analyses were performed for saliva samples (n = 26), and metabolomic analyses in plasma (n = 145) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry. Blood PTE levels of workers, controls, and their family members were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). High concentration levels of Sn and Cu were detected in welders' blood (p < 0.001). Statistical analyses were performed using MetaboAnalyst 4.0. The results showed that 26 proteins were upregulated, and 14 proteins downregulated on the welder group, and thirty of these proteins were also correlated with blood Pb, Cu, Sb, and Sn blood levels in the welder group (p < 0.05). Using gene ontology analysis of these 40 proteins revealed the biological processes related to the upregulated proteins were translational initiation, SRP-dependent co-translational protein targeting to membrane, and viral transcription. A Metabolome-Wide Association Study (MWAS) was performed to search for associations between blood metabolites and exposure groups. A pathway enrichment analysis of significant features from the MWAS was then conducted with Mummichog. A total of 73 metabolomic compounds and 40 proteins up or down-regulated in welders were used to perform a multi-omics analysis, disclosing seven metabolic pathways potentially disturbed by the informal work: valine leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, valine leucine and isoleucine degradation, arginine and proline metabolism, ABC transporters, central carbon metabolism in cancer, arachidonic acid metabolism and cysteine and methionine metabolism. The majority of the proteins found to be statistically up or downregulated in welders also correlated with at least one blood PTE level, providing insights into the biological responses to PTE exposures in the informal work exposure scenario. These findings shed new light on the effects of occupational activity on workers' exposome, underscoring the harmful effects of PTE

Elective cancer surgery in COVID-19-free surgical pathways during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: An international, multicenter, comparative cohort study

PURPOSE As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19–free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19–free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19–free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19–free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score–matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19–free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Elective Cancer Surgery in COVID-19-Free Surgical Pathways During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: An International, Multicenter, Comparative Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19-free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19-free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS: Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19-free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19-free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score-matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION: Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19-free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Soybean supply chain management and sustainability : a systematic literature review

As a globally consumed agricultural product, soybeans have long been one of the most important commodities in the current international market. In this regard, the governance of the global soybean supply chain has become one of the central themes in both industry and academia. However, existing scholarly works focusing on sustainability issues and mechanisms for better governance in the soybean chain are rare. Moreover, the relationship among soybean supply chain governance mechanisms remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of the existing literature to identify key themes or topics and to develop a conceptual framework to guide future research. Based on our inclusion criteria and by considering the Scopus database, we identified and reviewed 55 articles published between 2000 and 2019. In our analysis, four themes were identified in soybean supply chain management: drivers (e.g., land-use conflict), global value chain governance (e.g., REDD+), consequences (e.g., reduced CO2 emissions) and potential barriers (e.g., low market demand). Finally, a conceptual model was proposed that elaborates the linkage of the themes, and a research agenda was proposed to direct studies in the future