Extradition in the Light of the Indian Constitution.

The present thesis is essentially a study of the law of extradition in the light of the Indian Constitution. It is a study of case law and of relevant statutory provisions on the subject not yet judicially considered. Cases on similar provisions decided by English, American, Australian, Canadian and Civil-law countries' courts have been considered. The early chapters of the thesis set the scene and establish the tone of the subject, which has unique features as a topic of law. Chapter I gives the details of the Constitutional aspects of the subject in general, including the powers of the legislature, judiciary and the executive. Chapter II gives the definition; general survey of the subject; historical background of the different extradition Acts in force in India; pre- and post-Constitution treaties, and the necessity of giving them the force of municipal law; the distinctions between extradition, deportation, expulsion, kidnapping and the right of asylum; special features of the Indian Extradition Act of 1962, and the improvements made in it compared with the earlier Extradition Acts and international practice and procedure. Chapter III deals with the procedure provided under Chapter II of the Extradition Act, 1962, with details of the jurisdiction of the magisterial and superior courts, and the Central Government's powers. Chapter IV deals with political offences and grounds of refusal for extradition. Chapter V deals with various topics on extradition with special reference to the relevant Articles of the Indian Constitution, with detailed Indian and foreign case law. Chapter VI deals with remedies available both to the fugitive offender and the requesting State, before the Superior Courts under the Indian Criminal Procedure Code and the Constitution, and before the Central Government. Chapter VII deals with practice and procedure of rendition within the Commonwealth, giving details of the differences in procedure under Chapters II and III of the Indian Extradition Act, 1962. Practice and procedure in International Law has also been considered. Suggestions have been made to amend further the present Act wherever necessary, and towards the framing of Rules under Section 36 of the Act

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Tensor products of commutative Banach algebras

Let A1, A2 be commutative semisimple Banach algebras and A1⊗∂A2 be their projective tensor product. We prove that, if A1⊗∂A2 is a group algebra (measure algebra) of a locally compact abelian group, then so are A1 and A2. As a consequence, we prove that, if G is a locally compact abelian group and A is a comutative semi-simple Banach algebra, then the Banach algebra L1(G,A) of A-valued Bochner integrable functions on G is a group algebra if and only if A is a group algebra. Furthermore, if A has the Radon-Nikodym property, then the Banach algebra M(G,A) of A-valued regular Borel measures of bounded variation on G is a measure algebra only if A is a measure algebra

Outcomes after perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with proximal femoral fractures: an international cohort study

Objectives Studies have demonstrated high rates of mortality in people with proximal femoral fracture and SARS-CoV-2, but there is limited published data on the factors that influence mortality for clinicians to make informed treatment decisions. This study aims to report the 30-day mortality associated with perioperative infection of patients undergoing surgery for proximal femoral fractures and to examine the factors that influence mortality in a multivariate analysis. Setting Prospective, international, multicentre, observational cohort study. Participants Patients undergoing any operation for a proximal femoral fracture from 1 February to 30 April 2020 and with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection (either 7 days prior or 30-day postoperative). Primary outcome 30-day mortality. Multivariate modelling was performed to identify factors associated with 30-day mortality. Results This study reports included 1063 patients from 174 hospitals in 19 countries. Overall 30-day mortality was 29.4% (313/1063). In an adjusted model, 30-day mortality was associated with male gender (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.68 to 3.13, p80 years (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.31, p=0.013), preoperative diagnosis of dementia (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.16, p=0.005), kidney disease (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.55, p=0.005) and congestive heart failure (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.48, p=0.025). Mortality at 30 days was lower in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.6 (0.42 to 0.85), p=0.004). There was no difference in mortality in patients with an increase to delay in surgery (p=0.220) or type of anaesthetic given (p=0.787). Conclusions Patients undergoing surgery for a proximal femoral fracture with a perioperative infection of SARS-CoV-2 have a high rate of mortality. This study would support the need for providing these patients with individualised medical and anaesthetic care, including medical optimisation before theatre. Careful preoperative counselling is needed for those with a proximal femoral fracture and SARS-CoV-2, especially those in the highest risk groups. Trial registration number NCT0432364