Genetic and cytological analyses of four partial-sterile mutants in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)

Four partial-sterile soybean mutants recovered from a transposon tagging study were the subject of this research. Soybean partial-sterile mutants 1, 2, 3, and 4 (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, and PS-4) are characterized by reduced number of seed per pods. The objectives were to study the inheritance, linkage, allelism, and reproductive biology of the PS\u27s mutants. For inheritance and linkage tests the PS\u27s mutants were crossed to Harosoy-w[subscript]4, and to chlorophyll-deficient mutants CD-1 and CD-5, also recovered from the tagging study. For allelism tests reciprocal crosses were made between PS\u27s mutants. The gene in PS-1 is a single recessive gene, which was inherited in a 3:1 ratio. The genes in PS-2, PS-3, and PS-4 were inherited in a 1:1 ratio. Reciprocal crosses made between normal plants from PS-2, PS-3, PS-4 with \u27BSR 101\u27 indicated that the PS\u27s were homozygous for normal chromosome structure. Linkage results from F[subscript]2 and F[subscript]3 generations indicated that the gene for partial sterility in the PS\u27s was not linked to the w[subscript]4 locus or to the CD-1 or CD-5 mutants. Allelism test showed that the gene in PS-1 was nonallelic to the gene in PS-2, PS-3, and PS-4. The allelism test also indicated that the gene for partial sterility in PS-2, PS-3, and PS-4 was not transmitted to the next generation when PS-2, PS-3 and PS-4 mutants were used as female parent. Results of pollen grains stained with iodine potassium iodide, differential staining, and fluorescein diacetate, from partial-sterile plants of PS\u27s mutants, indicated no difference in stainability, morphology, and fluorescence compared to pollen grains from normal plants. These results suggested that the pollen grains from PS\u27s mutants were fully viable. Megagametogenesis indicated that the ovule abortion in PS-1 mutant was due to abnormalities associated with polar nuclei/secondary endosperm nucleus. The failure of double fertilization, the absence of endosperm development and lack of nutrients in the PS-1 ovule mutant lead to early embryo abortion. PS-2, PS-3, and PS-4 had normal megagametogenesis which was identical to ovule development in normal plants. At anthesis, the embryo sac had the egg apparatus, with two synergids and egg cell, and the secondary endosperm nucleus. Thus the lack of fertilization in these mutants was probably due a specific gene already imprinted in the gametes and it was not due to failure of pollen-tube growth

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Variáveis multicategóricas na determinação da divergência genética entre acessos de pimenta e pimentão Multicategoric variables for determining the genetic divergence among sweet and chilli peppers

A manutenção de acessos de Capsicum em bancos de germoplasma tem crescido em importância para preservação da diversidade e uso em programas de melhoramento genético. Este trabalho visou avaliar a divergência genética entre acessos de Capsicum spp. e verificar a eficiência da utilização de medidas de dissimilaridade e da discriminação de genótipos em espécies, baseando-se em 13 variáveis multicategóricas. O experimento foi realizado em Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, em blocos ao acaso com três repetições utilizando 59 acessos com dez plantas por parcela, entre novembro/2001 e julho/2002. Os descritores considerados foram: cor do caule, da antera e da corola; número de flores por axila; posição da flor; hábito de crescimento; cor do fruto imaturo e maduro; forma e epiderme do fruto; cor da semente e da folha cotiledonar; número de lóculos; constrição anular do cálice e do fruto. Os dados foram obtidos pela moda de cada descritor seguindo-se os critérios do IPGRI. As análises realizadas foram: agrupamento pelo método de Tocher e Hierárquico do Vizinho Mais Próximo; Projeção das Distâncias no Plano e Análise Discriminante de Anderson. O método de Tocher diferenciou as espécies de C. annuum var. annuum, C. annuum var. glabriusculum, C. chinense e C. pubescens, confirmando que os descritores qualitativos essenciais para a caracterização de Capsicum spp. devem ser utilizados no manejo de bancos de germoplasma. Os métodos de Tocher, Hierárquico do Vizinho Mais Próximo e Projeção das Distâncias no Plano foram concordantes e eficazes em agrupar acessos com pequena distância genética entre si. As funções discriminantes de Anderson identificaram 100% das espécies e variedades botânicas estudadas.<br>Accessions of Capsicum maintained in germplasm banks are important not only for diversity preservation but also for plant breeding purposes. In this work the genetic divergence among Capsicum spp. accessions, were studied to verify the efficiency of dissimilarity measures and to discriminate genotypes in species, based on 13 multicategoric variables. The experiment was conducted in Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, in randomized blocks with three replications testing 59 accessions, ten plants per plot, from November, 2001 to July, 2002. The following descriptors were considered: cotyledoneus leaf color; stem color, anther color; corolla color; number of flowers per axil; flower position; plant growth habit; fruit color at intermediate stage; fruit color at mature stage; fruit shape; fruit surface; seed color; number of locules; calyx annular constriction, and neck at base of fruit. The data were collected using mode of each descriptor following the IPGRI (1995) criteria. The data were analyzed according to Tocher optimization method, Nearest Neighbor, distance plotted in plain and discriminant analysis. Qualitative traits analyzed by Tocher's method were efficient to differentiate among the species C. annuum var. annuum, C. annuum var. glabriusculum, C. chinense, and C. pubescens. This result confirms that qualitative descriptors considered essential for morphological and agronomic characterization must be used in germplasm bank management. Tocher's method and Nearest Neighbor methods and distance plotted in plain showed resemblance and were efficient in clustering accessions with small genetic distance among them. Using functions of Anderson's discriminant analysis it was possible to identify 100% of species and botanic variety used in this study

Divergência genética em tomate estimada por marcadores RAPD em comparação com descritores multicategóricos Genetic divergence among tomato accessions using RAPD markers and its comparison with multicategoric descriptors

A estimativa da variabilidade genética existente em um banco de germoplasma é importante não só para a conservação dos recursos genéticos, mas também para aplicações no melhoramento de plantas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a divergência genética entre 78 acessos de uma coleção de germoplasma de tomateiro, com base em 74 marcadores RAPD e correlacionar esses resultados àqueles da caracterização morfoagronômica realizada para 27 descritores. Foi utilizado o agrupamento hierárquico UPGMA para analisar os dados, observando-se a formação de 13 grupos. Esses grupos foram correlacionados a cinco descritores (hábito de crescimento, tipo de folha, cor do fruto, número de lóculos e formato do fruto). Alguns grupos apresentaram peculiaridades, a exemplo do grupo IV, que reuniu acessos com frutos no formato de pêra; o grupo VII com acessos resistentes a murcha-bacteriana e o grupo IX, que englobou acessos com folhas do tipo batata. As análises por bootstrap revelaram poucos agrupamentos consistentes. Houve correlação positiva e altamente significativa entre as matrizes geradas pelos 27 descritores qualitativos e pelos marcadores RAPD (t = 14,02). A correlação de Mantel (r = 0,39) foi altamente significativa, porém de baixa magnitude. O baixo valor verificado para esta correlação sugere que ambas as etapas de caracterização (morfoagronômica e molecular) são importantes para um conhecimento mais amplo e melhor discriminação entre os acessos de tomate.<br>The estimation of genetic variability in a germplasm bank is important not only for the conservation of the genetic resources, but also for applications in plant breeding. The genetic divergence among 78 tomato accessions was studied, based on 74 RAPD markers. Also, a correlation between the molecular profile and 27 morphological and agronomic data was performed. Cluster analysis (UPGMA), used to study the data, resulted in 13 groups that were correlated with five descriptors (growth habit, leaf type, fruit color, locule number, and fruit shape). Some groups had particularities, such as group IV that assembled accessions with pear shape fruits; group VII, that clustered accessions with bacterial wilt resistance, and group IX, that gathered accessions with potato leaf type. Bootstrap analysis revealed few consistent clusters. The results showed a positive and significant correlation between the matrixes generated out of qualitative and molecular data (t = 14.02). Mantel's correlation was highly significant, but with a low value (r = 0.39), which suggests that for a wise use of the germplasm bank accessions, both characterization, molecular and morphoagronomic, should be carried out