Governance-Strukturen und Führungsverhalten: Symptome von Entsolidarisierung in Deutschland und Österreich

"Ausgangspunkt der Überlegungen ist eine Interdependenz zwischen den institutionellen Vorkehrungen und der gelebten persönlichen Partizipation zwischen Führungskräften und Mitarbeitern. Österreich und Deutschland entwickelten nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg eine Tradition konsensorientierter 'Governance' sowohl auf der Ebene des Gesamtwirtschaftssystems als auch auf der Ebene der Betriebe, die in Folge von Führungskräften in deren persönlichen Partizipationsentscheidungen gegenüber den Mitarbeitern verinnerlicht wurde. In der vorliegenden Langzeitstudie (1985-2005) wird unter Einsatz des Vroom/ Yetton-Führungsmodells (1973) der Frage nachgegangen, ob die in den letzten Jahren zu beobachtenden Symptome zunehmenden Egoismus auf der Ebene des Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftssystems und des Topmanagements auch eine Auswirkung auf die persönliche Partizipation zwischen Führungskräften und ihren Mitarbeitern zeigen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass, obwohl das Führungsverhalten generell sehr stabil ist, in den letzten Jahren eine Tendenz zu mehr zeiteffizienten/ autokratischen Verhaltensweisen auf Kosten partizipativer Strategien und sozialer Kompetenz zu beobachten ist." (Autorenreferat)"We assume a relationship between the institutional arrangements and the degree to which managers involve their subordinates in decision-making (personal participation). After the Second World War, Austria and Germany developed a tradition of participation and codetermination, both at the national/ system level and the corporate level, where the system level participatory structures are reflected in a preference of managers for participatory leadership styles. In recent years, however, there is indication that 'increased egoism' is taking place in society as well as in the economy. The longitudinal study presented in this article explores possible effects of this observed trend on management behaviour. We employed the Vroom/ Yetton (1973) leadership model to measure managerial effectiveness (task orientation and social competence) between 1985 and 2005. Our results suggest that although leadership behaviour is very stable in general, recent years show a shift towards more time-efficient and autocratic decision-making at the cost of participatory strategies and social competences." (author's abstract

The impact of gender-role-orientations on subjective career success: a multilevel study of 36 societies

International audienceWe investigate the relationships between gender-role-orientation (i.e., androgynous, masculine, feminine and undifferentiated) and subjective career success among business professionals from 36 societies. Drawing on the resource management perspective, we predict that androgynous individuals will report the highest subjective career success, followed by masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated individuals. We also postulate that meso-organizational culture and macro-societal values will have moderating effects on gender role's impact on subjective career success. The results of our hierarchical linear models support the hypothesized hierarchy of the relationships between gender-role-orientations and subjective career success. However, we found that ethical achievement values at the societal culture level was the only variable that had a positive moderating impact on the relationship between feminine orientation and subjective career success. Thus, our findings of minimal moderation effect suggest that meso- and macro-level environments may not play a significant role in determining an individual's perception of career success

A Twenty-First Century Assessment of Values Across the Global

This article provides current Schwartz Values Survey (SVS) data from samples of business managers and professionals across 50 societies that are culturally and socioeconomically diverse. We report the society scores for SVS values dimensions for both individual- and societallevel analyses. At the individual-level, we report on the ten circumplex values sub-dimensions and two sets of values dimensions (collectivism and individualism; openness to change, conservation, self-enhancement, and self- transcendence). At the societal-level, we report on the values dimensions of embeddedness, hierarchy, mastery, affective autonomy, intellectual autonomy, egalitarianism, and harmony. For each society, we report the Cronbach’s a statistics for each values dimension scale to assess their internal consistency (reliability) as well as report interrater agreement (IRA) analyses to assess the acceptability of using aggregated individual level values scores to represent country values. We also examined whether societal development level is related to systematic variation in the measurement and importance of values. Thus, the contributions of our evaluation of the SVS values dimensions are two-fold. First, we identify the SVS dimensions that have cross-culturally internally reliable structures and withinsociety agreement for business professionals. Second, we report the society cultural values scores developed from the twenty-first century data that can be used as macro-level predictors in multilevel and single-level international business research

Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies

An Author Correction to this article: DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22955-x.Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate.Peer reviewe

Societal-level versus individual-level predictions of ethical behavior: a 48-society study of collectivism and individualism

Is the societal-level of analysis sufficient today to understand the values of those in the global workforce? Or are individual-level analyses more appropriate for assessing the influence of values on ethical behaviors across country workforces? Using multi-level analyses for a 48-society sample, we test the utility of both the societal-level and individual-level dimensions of collectivism and individualism values for predicting ethical behaviors of business professionals. Our values-based behavioral analysis indicates that values at the individual-level make a more significant contribution to explaining variance in ethical behaviors than do values at the societal-level. Implicitly, our findings question the soundness of using societal-level values measures. Implications for international business research are discussed

Anger and disgust shape judgments of social sanctions across cultures, especially in high individual autonomy societies

When someone violates a social norm, others may think that some sanction would be appropriate. We examine how the experience of emotions like anger and disgust relate to the judged appropriateness of sanctions, in a pre-registered analysis of data from a large-scale study in 56 societies. Across the world, we find that individuals who experience anger and disgust over a norm violation are more likely to endorse confrontation, ostracism and, to a smaller extent, gossip. Moreover, we find that the experience of anger is consistently the strongest predictor of judgments of confrontation, compared to other emotions. Although the link between state-based emotions and judgments may seem universal, its strength varies across countries. Aligned with theoretical predictions, this link is stronger in societies, and among individuals, that place higher value on individual autonomy. Thus, autonomy values may increase the role that emotions play in guiding judgments of social sanctions