Revisão bibliográfica: o ruído urbano como um poluente ambiental

Purpose: Analyze studies on noise as environmental pollution in urban centers, focusing on their sources and sound levels in attempt at understand whether current urban model is suitable for individual and collective health. Material and Methods: The BVS, PubMed and Cochrane were used to search original research articles related to the environmental noise. Results: This review article analyses 19 studies related to noise as an environmental pollutant. Conclusion: many studies have been conducted to quantify the urban noise and potential disturbance caused in the population, using different methodologies. Our work demonstrates that the noise is present in the urban environment and commonly extrapolates current levels tolerated by the law, being a potential stressor. Therefore, their presence in various human activities, especially in traffic, reflects a model of the current city that needs to be rethought. The results of this study may be useful for the development of new research on the urban noise and public policy development.Objetivo: Analisar os estudos sobre o ruído como poluição ambiental nos centros urbanos, com foco em suas fontes e os níveis sonoros na tentativa de entender se modelo urbano atual é adequado para a saúde individual e coletiva. Material e Métodos: BVS, Pubmed e Cochrane foram usados para pesquisar artigos originais de pesquisa relacionados com o ruído ambiente. Resultados: Este artigo de revisão analisa 19 estudos relacionados ao ruído como um poluente ambiental. Conclusão: Muitos estudos estão sendo conduzidos para quantificar o ruído urbano e seu potencial de perturbação causada na população, utilizando-se diferentes metodologias. Nosso trabalho demonstra que o ruído está presente no ambiente urbano e geralmente extrapola os atuais níveis tolerados pela lei, sendo um estressor em potencial. Portanto, a sua presença em várias atividades humanas, especialmente no trânsito, reflete um modelo de cidade atual que precisa ser repensado.Os resultados deste estudo podem ser úteis para o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas sobre o ruído urbano e desenvolvimento de políticas públicas

“Extensão Médica Acadêmica”: healthcare humanization and clinical training of medicine, nutrition and physical therapy students from the School of Medicine of University of São Paulo

A Extensão Médica Acadêmica (EMA) foi fundada em 1998 na FMUSP visando à formação de médicos que valorizam o exame clínico e o relacionamento humano. É um projeto de voluntariado atualmente organizado por estudantes de medicina, fisioterapia e nutrição da USP. O EMA é sustentado por três pilares: ensino, assistência e pesquisa. O projeto é realizado aos sábados em dois bairros carentes da cidade de São Paulo, e tem como objetivo oferecer um atendimento ambulatorial gratuito de qualidade, que priorize cuidados em saúde e humanização na relação médico-paciente. Os pacientes são atendidos por alunos e os casos são discutidos com profissionais de saúde, e durante a semana são realizadas reuniões com todos os membros do projeto, na Faculdade de Medicina da USP, contribuindo para a consolidação e aprofundamento dos conceitos em saúde. Este modelo de ensino complementa os estudos em sala de aula, pois permite o desenvolvimento de habilidades geralmente pouco exploradas durante o início da graduação tradicional. O EMA incentiva seus alunos a valorizarem a relação médico-paciente desde o primeiro ano da graduação. Assim, o projeto tem êxito em reunir pessoas dispostas a lidar com pacientes, aprender sobre saúde e ensinar outros estudantes. Como resultado, muitos de seus membros continuam a participar do projeto após o término da faculdade, tornando-se orientadores comprometidos a passar adiante o conhecimento adquirido durante sua prática profissional.The Academic Medical Extension (EMA) is a volunteer project of the School of Medicine of University of São Paulo organized by students of Medicine, Physical Therapy and Nutrition of University of São Paulo. It was founded in 1998 in order to provide a better academic developmentto students who value physical examination and human relations, besides providing to students in the beginningof graduation an early contact with patients and promotingan exchange of information between those three areas of health. EMA is sustained by three pillars: assistance, education and research, thus constituting an alternative to community-based education and assistance with a focus on humanization. The project is carried in two regions in the city of São Paulo and aims to offer these needy populations a free ambulatory care with quality, promote health and prevention. On Saturdays, undergraduate students see the patients and discuss the clinical case with a health professional;once a week, they attend a meeting with their group, which includes students of the three areas of health. During this meeting, the students report the clinical case and are assisted by other students to conduct the case and teach what they’ve learnt about the patient, collaborating with the establishment and deepening of the concepts in health. The project seeks to encourage their students since the first year of college to value the physician-patient relationship. Thus, it brings together people willing to work without the intention to earn a profit, but to learn more about health and to teach other students. As a result, members still participate in the project after graduation, as doctors committed to pass on their experience and knowledge

Production of He-4 and (4) in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV at the LHC

Results on the production of He-4 and (4) nuclei in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S = 2.76 TeV in the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar <1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0-10% central events are found to be dN/dy4(He) = (0.8 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst)) x 10(-6) and dN/dy4 = (1.1 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.2 (syst)) x 10(-6), respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (T-chem = 156 MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of (4)/He-4 is 1.4 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.5 (syst). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Multiplicity dependence of light (anti-)nuclei production in p–Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV

The measurement of the deuteron and anti-deuteron production in the rapidity range −1 < y < 0 as a function of transverse momentum and event multiplicity in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV is presented. (Anti-)deuterons are identified via their specific energy loss dE/dx and via their time-of- flight. Their production in p–Pb collisions is compared to pp and Pb–Pb collisions and is discussed within the context of thermal and coalescence models. The ratio of integrated yields of deuterons to protons (d/p) shows a significant increase as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity of the event starting from values similar to those observed in pp collisions at low multiplicities and approaching those observed in Pb–Pb collisions at high multiplicities. The mean transverse particle momenta are extracted from the deuteron spectra and the values are similar to those obtained for p and particles. Thus, deuteron spectra do not follow mass ordering. This behaviour is in contrast to the trend observed for non-composite particles in p–Pb collisions. In addition, the production of the rare 3He and 3He nuclei has been studied. The spectrum corresponding to all non-single diffractive p-Pb collisions is obtained in the rapidity window −1 < y < 0 and the pT-integrated yield dN/dy is extracted. It is found that the yields of protons, deuterons, and 3He, normalised by the spin degeneracy factor, follow an exponential decrease with mass number

Charged-particle multiplicity distributions over a wide pseudorapidity range in proton-proton collisions at √s = 0.9, 7, and 8 TeV

We present the charged-particle multiplicity distributions over a wide pseudorapidity range (−3.4<η<5.0) for pp collisions at s√=0.9,7, and 8 TeV at the LHC. Results are based on information from the Silicon Pixel Detector and the Forward Multiplicity Detector of ALICE, extending the pseudorapidity coverage of the earlier publications and the high-multiplicity reach. The measurements are compared to results from the CMS experiment and to PYTHIA, PHOJET and EPOS LHC event generators, as well as IP-Glasma calculations

Measuring KS0K± interactions using Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV

We present the first ever measurements of femtoscopic correlations between the K0 S and K± particles. The analysis was performed on the data from Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV measured by the ALICE experiment. The observed femtoscopic correlations are consistent with final-state interactions proceeding via the a0(980) resonance. The extracted kaon source radius and correlation strength parameters for K0 SK− are found to be equal within the experimental uncertainties to those for K0 SK+. Comparing the results of the present study with those from published identical-kaon femtoscopic studies by ALICE, mass and coupling parameters for the a0 resonance are tested. Our results are also compatible with the interpretation of the a0 having a tetraquark structure instead of that of a diquar

Analysis of the apparent nuclear modification in peripheral Pb–Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV

International audienceCharged-particle spectra at midrapidity are measured in Pb–Pb collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon–nucleon pair sNN=5.02 TeV and presented in centrality classes ranging from most central (0–5%) to most peripheral (95–100%) collisions. Possible medium effects are quantified using the nuclear modification factor ( RAA ) by comparing the measured spectra with those from proton–proton collisions, scaled by the number of independent nucleon–nucleon collisions obtained from a Glauber model. At large transverse momenta ( 8<pT<20GeV/c ), the average RAA is found to increase from about 0.15 in 0–5% central to a maximum value of about 0.8 in 75–85% peripheral collisions, beyond which it falls off strongly to below 0.2 for the most peripheral collisions. Furthermore, RAA initially exhibits a positive slope as a function of pT in the 8–20 GeV/c interval, while for collisions beyond the 80% class the slope is negative. To reduce uncertainties related to event selection and normalization, we also provide the ratio of RAA in adjacent centrality intervals. Our results in peripheral collisions are consistent with a PYTHIA-based model without nuclear modification, demonstrating that biases caused by the event selection and collision geometry can lead to the apparent suppression in peripheral collisions. This explains the unintuitive observation that RAA is below unity in peripheral Pb–Pb, but equal to unity in minimum-bias p–Pb collisions despite similar charged-particle multiplicities

Anisotropic flow of identified particles in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 {\sqrt{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}=5.02 TeV

The elliptic (v$_{2}$), triangular (v$_{3}$), and quadrangular (v$_{4}$) flow coefficients of π$^{±}$, K$^{±}$, $\mathrm{p}+\overline{\mathrm{p}},\kern0.5em \Lambda +\overline{\Lambda},\kern0.5em {\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{S}}^0$ , and the ϕ-meson are measured in Pb-Pb collisions at ${\sqrt{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}=5.02$ TeV. Results obtained with the scalar product method are reported for the rapidity range |y| < 0.5 as a function of transverse momentum, p$_{T}$, at different collision centrality intervals between 0–70%, including ultra-central (0–1%) collisions for π$^{±}$, K$^{±}$, and $\mathrm{p}+\overline{\mathrm{p}}$ . For p$_{T}$ < 3 GeV/c, the flow coefficients exhibit a particle mass dependence. At intermediate transverse momenta (3 < p$_{T}$ < 8–10 GeV/c), particles show an approximate grouping according to their type (i.e., mesons and baryons). The ϕ-meson v$_{2}$, which tests both particle mass dependence and type scaling, follows $\mathrm{p}+\overline{\mathrm{p}}$ v$_{2}$ at low p$_{T}$ and π$^{±}$ v$_{2}$ at intermediate p$_{T}$. The evolution of the shape of v$_{n}$(p$_{T}$) as a function of centrality and harmonic number n is studied for the various particle species. Flow coefficients of π$^{±}$, K$^{±}$, and $\mathrm{p}+\overline{\mathrm{p}}$ for p$_{T}$ < 3 GeV/c are compared to iEBE-VISHNU and MUSIC hydrodynamical calculations coupled to a hadronic cascade model (UrQMD). The iEBE-VISHNU calculations describe the results fairly well for p$_{T}$ < 2.5 GeV/c, while MUSIC calculations reproduce the measurements for p$_{T}$ < 1 GeV/c. A comparison to v$_{n}$ coefficients measured in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV is also provided

Measurement of electrons from beauty-hadron decays in p-Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02 TeV and Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=2.76 \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76 TeV

The production of beauty hadrons was measured via semi-leptonic decays at mid-rapidity with the ALICE detector at the LHC in the transverse momentum interval 1<p$_{T}$ < 8 GeV/c in minimum-bias p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV and in 1.3 < p$_{T}$ < 8 GeV/c in the 20% most central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV. The pp reference spectra at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV and $\sqrt{s}=2.76$ TeV, needed for the calculation of the nuclear modification factors R$_{pPb}$ and R$_{PbPb}$, were obtained by a pQCD-driven scaling of the cross section of electrons from beauty-hadron decays measured at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV. In the p$_{T}$ interval 3 < p$_{T}$ < 8 GeV/c, a suppression of the yield of electrons from beauty-hadron decays is observed in Pb-Pb compared to pp collisions. Towards lower p$_{T}$, the R$_{PbPb}$ values increase with large systematic uncertainties. The R$_{pPb}$ is consistent with unity within systematic uncertainties and is well described by theoretical calculations that include cold nuclear matter effects in p-Pb collisions. The measured R$_{pPb}$ and these calculations indicate that cold nuclear matter effects are small at high transverse momentum also in Pb-Pb collisions. Therefore, the observed reduction of R$_{PbPb}$ below unity at high p$_{T}$ may be ascribed to an effect of the hot and dense medium formed in Pb-Pb collisions