Towards detecting, characterizing and rating of road class errors in crowd-sourced road network databases

OpenStreetMap (OSM), with its global coverage and Open Database License, has recently gained popularity. Its quality is adequate for many applications, but since it is crowd-sourced, errors remain an issue. Errors in associated tags of the road network, for example, are impacting routing applications. Particularly road classification errors often lead to false assumptions about capacity, maximum speed, or road quality which could then result in detours for routing applications. This study aims at finding potential classification errors automatically, which can then be checked and corrected by a human expert. We develop a novel approach to detect road classification errors in OSM by searching for disconnected parts and gaps in different levels of a hierarchical road network. Different parameters are identified that indicate gaps in road networks. These parameters are then combined in a rating system to obtain an error probability in order to suggest possible misclassifications to a human user. The methodology is applied exemplarily for the state of New South Wales in Australia. The results demonstrate that (1) more classification errors are found at gaps than at disconnected parts and (2) the gap search enables the user to find classification errors quickly using the developed rating system that indicates an error probability. In future work, the methodology can be extended to include available tags in OSM for the rating system. The source code of the implementation is available via GitHub

Modified iterative versus Laplacian Landau gauge in compact U(1) theory

Compact U(1) theory in 4 dimensions is used to compare the modified iterative and the Laplacian fixing to lattice Landau gauge in a controlled setting, since in the Coulomb phase the lattice theory must reproduce the perturbative prediction. It turns out that on either side of the phase transition clear differences show up and in the Coulomb phase the ability to remove double Dirac sheets proves vital on a small lattice.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures containing 23 graphs, v2: 2 figures removed, 2 references adde

Virtual reality in the diagnostic and therapy for mental disorders : A systematic review

Background: Virtual reality (VR) technologies are playing an increasingly important role in the diagnostics and treatment of mental disorders. Objective: To systematically review the current evidence regarding the use of VR in the diagnostics and treatment of mental disorders. Data source: Systematic literature searches via PubMed (last literature update: 9th of May 2022) were conducted for the following areas of psychopathology: Specific phobias, panic disorder and agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders, dementia disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depression, autism spectrum dis- order, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and addiction disorders. Eligibility criteria: To be eligible, studies had to be published in English, to be peer-reviewed, to report original research data, to be VR-related, and to deal with one of the above-mentioned areas of psychopathology. Study evaluation: For each study included, various study characteristics (including interventions and conditions, comparators, major outcomes and study designs) were retrieved and a risk of bias score was calculated based on predefined study quality criteria. Results: Across all areas of psychopathology, k = 9315 studies were inspected, of which k = 721 studies met the eligibility criteria. From these studies, 43.97% were considered assessment-related, 55.48% therapy-related, and 0.55% were mixed. The highest research activity was found for VR exposure therapy in anxiety disorders, PTSD and addiction disorders, where the most convincing evidence was found, as well as for cognitive trainings in dementia and social skill trainings in autism spectrum disorder. Conclusion: While VR exposure therapy will likely find its way successively into regular patient care, there are also many other promising approaches, but most are not yet mature enough for clinical application. Review registration: PROSPERO register CRD42020188436. Funding: The review was funded by budgets from the University of Bonn. No third party funding was involved

Non-mammalian model systems for studying neuro-immune interactions after spinal cord injury

Mammals exhibit poor recovery after injury to the spinal cord, where the loss of neurons and neuronal connections can be functionally devastating. In contrast, it has long been appreciated that many non-mammalian vertebrate species exhibit significant spontaneous functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Identifying the biological responses that support an organism\u27s inability or ability to recover function after SCI is an important scientific and medical question. While recent advances have been made in understanding the responses to SCI in mammals, we remain without an effective clinical therapy for SCI. A comparative biological approach to understanding responses to SCI in non-mammalian vertebrates will yield important insights into mechanisms that promote recovery after SCI. Presently, mechanistic studies aimed at elucidating responses, both intrinsic and extrinsic to neurons, that result in different regenerative capacities after SCI across vertebrates are just in their early stages. There are several inhibitory mechanisms proposed to impede recovery from SCI in mammals, including reactive gliosis and scarring, myelin associated proteins, and a suboptimal immune response. One hypothesis to explain the robust regenerative capacity of several non-mammalian vertebrates is a lack of some or all of these inhibitory signals. This review presents the current knowledge of immune responses to SCI in several non-mammalian species that achieve anatomical and functional recovery after SCI. This subject is of growing interest, as studies increasingly show both beneficial and detrimental roles of the immune response following SCI in mammals. A long-term goal of biomedical research in all experimental models of SCI is to understand how to promote functional recovery after SCI in humans. Therefore, understanding immune responses to SCI in non-mammalian vertebrates that achieve functional recovery spontaneously may identify novel strategies to modulate immune responses in less regenerative species and promote recovery after SCI

Multidifferential study of identified charged hadron distributions in ZZ-tagged jets in proton-proton collisions at s=\sqrt{s}=13 TeV

Jet fragmentation functions are measured for the first time in proton-proton collisions for charged pions, kaons, and protons within jets recoiling against a $Z$ boson. The charged-hadron distributions are studied longitudinally and transversely to the jet direction for jets with transverse momentum 20 $< p_{\textrm{T}} < 100$ GeV and in the pseudorapidity range $2.5 < \eta < 4$. The data sample was collected with the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.64 fb$^{-1}$. Triple differential distributions as a function of the hadron longitudinal momentum fraction, hadron transverse momentum, and jet transverse momentum are also measured for the first time. This helps constrain transverse-momentum-dependent fragmentation functions. Differences in the shapes and magnitudes of the measured distributions for the different hadron species provide insights into the hadronization process for jets predominantly initiated by light quarks.Comment: All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-013.html (LHCb public pages

Study of the B−→Λc+Λˉc−K−B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-} decay

The decay $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ is studied in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 $\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment. In the $\Lambda_{c}^+ K^{-}$ system, the $\Xi_{c}(2930)^{0}$ state observed at the BaBar and Belle experiments is resolved into two narrower states, $\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}$ and $\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}$, whose masses and widths are measured to be $$m(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = 2924.5 \pm 0.4 \pm 1.1 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ m(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = 2938.5 \pm 0.9 \pm 2.3 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = \phantom{000}4.8 \pm 0.9 \pm 1.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},\\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = \phantom{00}11.0 \pm 1.9 \pm 7.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},$$ where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. The results are consistent with a previous LHCb measurement using a prompt $\Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ sample. Evidence of a new $\Xi_{c}(2880)^{0}$ state is found with a local significance of $3.8\,\sigma$, whose mass and width are measured to be $2881.8 \pm 3.1 \pm 8.5\,\mathrm{MeV}$ and $12.4 \pm 5.3 \pm 5.8 \,\mathrm{MeV}$, respectively. In addition, evidence of a new decay mode $\Xi_{c}(2790)^{0} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ is found with a significance of $3.7\,\sigma$. The relative branching fraction of $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ with respect to the $B^{-} \to D^{+} D^{-} K^{-}$ decay is measured to be $2.36 \pm 0.11 \pm 0.22 \pm 0.25$, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third originates from the branching fractions of charm hadron decays.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-028.html (LHCb public pages

Measurement of the ratios of branching fractions R(D∗)\mathcal{R}(D^{*}) and R(D0)\mathcal{R}(D^{0})

The ratios of branching fractions $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})\equiv\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})\equiv\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ are measured, assuming isospin symmetry, using a sample of proton-proton collision data corresponding to 3.0 fb${ }^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2011 and 2012. The tau lepton is identified in the decay mode $\tau^{-}\to\mu^{-}\nu_{\tau}\bar{\nu}_{\mu}$. The measured values are $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})=0.281\pm0.018\pm0.024$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})=0.441\pm0.060\pm0.066$, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The correlation between these measurements is $\rho=-0.43$. Results are consistent with the current average of these quantities and are at a combined 1.9 standard deviations from the predictions based on lepton flavor universality in the Standard Model.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-039.html (LHCb public pages

Inferiority vs. Superiority: A code of Egyptian and Tunisian lifeworlds in 2016

A cluster of arrays “provid[ing] principles of order within the unstructured simultaneity of everyday-worlds”* in Egypt and Tunisia in 2016, forming part of the two countries’ “culture” during the In 2016 project’s target year. *H. U. Gumbrecht, In 1926: Living at the Edge of Time (1997), 443. GOTO ARRAYS: ʔAlsh | Apartment Wanted | ʿAshwāʾiyyāt | Baby Milk | Celebrities | Clash | Commemoration / Memorial Days | Conversions | Court Trials | Crowdfunding | Dancing | Disappearances | Disasters | Dollar Crisis | Downtown/Centre-ville | Dual Identities / Masking | Éveil d’une nation / Ṣaḥwat umma | Father Figures | Football | Garbage | Gated Communities / Compounds | Hashish | High School Exams | The Honourable Citizen | In Islam, … | Kamīn | Language | LGBT | Manīsh msāmiḥ | Migration | Mobile Phones | The Policeman Criminal | Pop Music | Prison | Psychiatrists | Public Hearings | Red Sea Islands | Self-help | Social Media | Suicide | The Suspect Foreigner | Tourist Resorts | Tricking the System / Tricked by the System | Tuk-tuk | Uber | Valentine’s Day | The Voice from Above | Zaḥma CODES: Affluence vs. Destitution | Beautiful vs. Ugly | Center vs. Periphery | Freedom vs. Constraint | Hope vs. Hell | Male vs. Female | Normality vs. Heroism | Past vs. Present | Security vs. Fear | “The System” vs. “The People” | True vs. False | Voice vs. Silence | Young vs. Settled CODES COLLAPSED: Hope = Hell (Dystopia) | Inferiority = Superiority (Satire) | Normality = Heroism (Surviving) | Present = Past (Stuck) | Security = Fear (Police State) | True = False (Life in Limbo

The Etymology of Some Language- and Translation-Related Terms in Arabic

This contribution deals with the etymology of some Arabic nouns and verbs that have been central to the main fields of academic specialisation of the researcher honoured by this Festschrift: language, speaking, and translation. It tries to follow words like lisān, luġaẗ, or lahǧaẗ as far back in semantic history as possible, often reaching a Semitic dimension and sometimes even advancing into deeper and older layers. In the course of ‘digging,’ questions like the relation (or non-relation?) between ‘to interpret’ (taRǦaMa), ‘to stone’ (but also ‘to curse,’ RaǦaMa), and ‘meteorites’ (RuǦuM), between KaLM ‘wound, cut, slash,’ and KaLiMaẗ‘word, speech,’ or between the Arabs (ʕaRaB), a ‘swift river’(but also ‘carriage, coach,’ ʕaRaBaẗ), a ‘godfather, sponsor’ (ʕaRRāB) and the ‘desinential inflection’(ʔiʕRāB) will also be discussed. The present contribution tries to bring together the interest of my dear colleague Gunvor Mejdell in Arabic linguistics and translatology with what I have increasingly devoted myself to in recent years – the etymology of Arabic. 1 I should however not start before making two disclaimers. First, a look into the etymology of some language- and translation-related terminology will not necessarily enhance a linguist’s or translatologist’s understanding of the phenomena s/he is dealing with. Etymological research does not yield ‘essential’ meanings of words but only leads us back in semantic history to the earliest knowable, often only assumable, value from which it embarked on a centuries-long journey, at the end of which this ‘traveller through the times’ may have changed both its outward appearance and its meaning quite considerably. Second, while there do exist myriad studies on individual lexical items or groups of words, vast areas of the Arabic vocabulary have remained, and probably will remain, largely obscure because etymological research finds its limits where evidence from outside Arabic is lacking. And even then, due to a lack of dateable sources, an explanation of the accessible linguistic. My study starts with some common verbs designating different kinds of speech acts, then moves on, via the organ with which speech is produced, to wordsfor ‘language,’‘dialect,’etc., and the classification of linguistic registers, to conclude with two terms for ‘translation.

Self-help [an array of "In 2016"]

An array of Egyptian and Tunisian lifeworlds in 2016