Effects of Feeding Increasing Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine on Growth Performance of 26- to 300-lb PIC Line 800-Sired Pigs

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth performance and economic returns of PIC 800 × 1050 pigs fed increasing SID Lys from approximately 26 to 300 lb. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 26 pigs per pen and 16 pens per treatment. Pens were provided 1 of 5 dietary treatments with increasing SID Lys at 85, 93, 100, 107, and 115% of current PIC recommendations within 6 different phases. Two base diets containing low Lys and high Lys were blended to meet target SID Lys levels for each treatment diet within phase. For the overall experimental period (d 0 to 143), feeding increasing SID Lys improved (linear, P ≤ 0.007) ADG and F/G, but did not impact ADFI (P \u3e 0.10). For carcass characteristics, a tendency (linear, P = 0.067) for increased HCW of pigs that were provided increasing SID Lys was observed. However, there was no evidence for differences (P \u3e 0.10) across treatments in carcass yield, backfat depth, loin depth, or carcass lean percentage. Increasing SID Lys of the diets increased (linear, P \u3c 0.001) feed cost and feed cost per lb of gain. There was no evidence of difference (P \u3e 0.10) in revenue for either ingredient price scenario, thus, feeding increasing levels of SID Lys reduced (linear, P \u3c 0.001) income over feed cost (IOFC) in both scenarios. The linear model (LM) served as the best fit for both growth and economic parameters. The LM model predicted maximum ADG and minimal F/G at levels greater than 115% of PIC’s current SID Lys recommendations. For IOFC, the LM model predicted maximum profitability at or below 85% of PIC’s current Lys recommendations. In conclusion, the optimal SID Lys level for PIC 800 × 1050 pigs from 26- to 300-lb depends upon the response criteria, with growth performance maximized at levels at or above 115% of PIC’s recommendation for SID Lys; however, economic responses were maximized at or below 85% of PIC’s current SID Lys recommendations

Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Threonine to Lysine Ratio on Growth Performance of PIC Line 337 × 1050 Pigs

The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of varying SID Thr:Lys ratios on growth performance, removals, and mortality rates of late-nursery, grower, and finishing PIC 337 × 1050 pigs. In each experiment, pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 19 to 27 pigs per pen and 8, 7, and 7 replications per treatment in Exp. 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In Exp. 1, 987 pigs (initially 26.0 ± 0.70 lb) were used from 26 to 54 lb. In Exp. 2, 875 pigs (initially 95.5 ± 1.17 lb) were used from 95 to 155 lb. In Exp. 3, 824 pigs (initially 224.4 ± 1.85 lb) were used from 224 to 297 lb. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with increasing SID Thr:Lys ratios at 53, 58, 62, 65, and 68% in Exp. 1 and 2, and 56.5, 60, 64, 68, and 72.5% in Exp. 3. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based. Diets with the lowest and highest Thr:Lys ratios were blended to achieve the target SID Thr:Lys treatments in each experiment. Between experiments, all pens of pigs were placed on a common diet for 23 (Exp. 1 and 2) and 32 d (Exp. 2 and 3) to provide opportunity for compensatory growth prior to initiation of the next experiment. In Exp. 1 (26 to 54 lb), ADG and final BW increased linearly (P ≤ 0.006) while ADFI, Thr intake/d, and Thr intake/kg of gain increased quadratically (P ≤ 0.001). Overall, F/G improved (quadratic, P ≤ 0.001) as Thr:Lys ratio increased. Additionally, Lys intake/d increased (quadratic, P \u3c 0.001) while Lys intake/ kg of gain decreased (quadratic, P\u3c 0.001) with increasing Thr:Lys ratio. The quadratic polynomial (QP) model predicted greater than 68% SID Thr:Lys was required for ADG from 26 to 54 lb, while a QP model suggested that minimum F/G was achieved at 62.1% SID Thr:Lys. In Exp. 2 (95 to 155 lb), ADG, final BW, Thr intake/d, and Thr intake/kg of gain increased (linear, P ≤ 0.05) and F/G improved (linear, P = 0.030) as dietary Thr:Lys increased. Moreover, Lys intake/kg of gain decreased (linear, P = 0.023) with increasing Thr:Lys ratio. For model analysis, QP models suggested optimum ADG and F/G were achieved at levels greater than 68% SID Thr:Lys. However, similar fitting broken-line quadratic (BLQ) and broken-line linear (BLL) models predicted no further improvement to F/G and ADG beyond 61 and 67% SID Thr:Lys, respectively. In Exp. 3 (224 to 297 lb), increasing SID Thr:Lys increased (linear, P ≤ 0.001) Thr intake/d and Thr intake/kg of gain. In addition, increasing SID Thr:Lys ratios tended (P ≤ 0.086) to quadratically increase (P≤ 0.086) ADFI and BW of pigs at the second marketing event. However, no other response criteria were impacted (P ≥ 0.10) by dietary Thr:Lys. Due to a lack of ADG and F/G responses, prediction models were not developed. In summary, these results suggest the optimal SID Thr:Lys level for 26- to 54-lb pigs is 62.1% for feed efficiency and greater than 68% for ADG. From 95 to 155 lb, the requirement was predicted at or above 61 and 67% SID Thr:Lys for F/G and ADG, respectively. However, with the variation in response criteria in Exp. 3 (224 to 297 lb), we were unable to statistically define a requirement estimate

Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Tryptophan to Lysine Ratio on Growth Performance of PIC Line 337 × 1050 Pigs

The objective of these experiments was to evaluate the impact of varying SID Trp:Lys ratios on growth performance, removals, and mortality rates of PIC 337 × 1050 finishing pigs. In each experiment, pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 22 to 27 pigs per pen and 6 or 7 replications per treatment. In Exp. 1, 840 pigs (initially 101.2 ± 2.08 lb) were used from 101 to 161 lb. In Exp. 2, 801 pigs (initially 219.8 ± 3.44 lb) were used from 220 to 281 lb. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based with 30 or 20% DDGS (Exp. 1 and 2, respectively) and contained increasing SID Trp:Lys ratios at 15, 17.5, 19, 21, and 23%. Diets containing low and high Trp:Lys ratios were blended to achieve the target SID Trp:Lys treatment levels in Exp. 1, while diets containing low, medium, and high Trp:Lys ratios were blended to achieve the target SID Trp:Lys treatment levels in Exp. 2. Between experiments, all pens of pigs were placed on a common diet for 27 d and pens were reallotted to dietary treatment at the start of Exp. 2. In Exp. 1, increasing the SID Trp:Lys ratio increased (quadratic, P ≤ 0.008) ADG, ADFI, and final BW and improved (quadratic, P = 0.007) F/G. As expected, increasing SID Trp:Lys increased (linear, P \u3c 0.001) Trp intake, g/d. In addition, Trp intake per kg of gain and Lys intake/d increased (quadratic, P ≤ 0.009), while Lys intake per kg of gain decreased (quadratic, P = 0.008) with increasing SID Trp:Lys ratio. There was no difference between Trp:Lys ratios on the percentage of removals, mortalities, or total removals (P \u3e 0.10). For model analysis in 101- to 161-lb pigs, the developed broken-line linear models suggested no further improvement to ADG and F/G beyond 19.0 and 19.3% SID Trp:Lys, respectively. Meanwhile, a similar fitting quadratic polynomial (QP) model suggested minimum F/G was achieved at 21.5% SID Trp:Lys. In Exp. 2, increasing the SID Trp:Lys ratio increased (linear, P ≤ 0.001) Trp intake and Trp intake per kg of gain (quadratic, P = 0.050). However, no other observed response criteria were significantly impacted (P≥ 0.10). Models to predict optimal Trp:Lys ratios were not analyzed for 220- to 281-lb pigs due to the lack of observed differences for ADG and F/G. In summary, these results suggest the optimal SID Trp:Lys level for 101- to 161-lb pigs was predicted at or above 19.0 and 19.3% SID Trp:Lys for ADG and F/G, respectively. With the variation in response criteria observed in Exp. 2 (220 to 281 lb), we were unable to statistically define a requirement estimate

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since July 2014. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the fourteenth from SDSS overall (making this, Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes public data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (July 2014-2016). Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS); the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data driven machine learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release, and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V.Comment: SDSS-IV collaboration alphabetical author data release paper. DR14 happened on 31st July 2017. 19 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by ApJS on 28th Nov 2017 (this is the "post-print" and "post-proofs" version; minor corrections only from v1, and most of errors found in proofs corrected

Subsequent Surgery After Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Rates and Risk Factors From a Multicenter Cohort

BACKGROUND: While revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) can be performed to restore knee stability and improve patient activity levels, outcomes after this surgery are reported to be inferior to those after primary ACLR. Further reoperations after revision ACLR can have an even more profound effect on patient satisfaction and outcomes. However, there is a current lack of information regarding the rate and risk factors for subsequent surgery after revision ACLR. PURPOSE: To report the rate of reoperations, procedures performed, and risk factors for a reoperation 2 years after revision ACLR. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A total of 1205 patients who underwent revision ACLR were enrolled in the Multicenter ACL Revision Study (MARS) between 2006 and 2011, composing the prospective cohort. Two-year questionnaire follow-up was obtained for 989 patients (82%), while telephone follow-up was obtained for 1112 patients (92%). If a patient reported having undergone subsequent surgery, operative reports detailing the subsequent procedure(s) were obtained and categorized. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine independent risk factors for a reoperation. RESULTS: Of the 1112 patients included in the analysis, 122 patients (11%) underwent a total of 172 subsequent procedures on the ipsilateral knee at 2-year follow-up. Of the reoperations, 27% were meniscal procedures (69% meniscectomy, 26% repair), 19% were subsequent revision ACLR, 17% were cartilage procedures (61% chondroplasty, 17% microfracture, 13% mosaicplasty), 11% were hardware removal, and 9% were procedures for arthrofibrosis. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients aged <20 years had twice the odds of patients aged 20 to 29 years to undergo a reoperation. The use of an allograft at the time of revision ACLR (odds ratio [OR], 1.79; P = .007) was a significant predictor for reoperations at 2 years, while staged revision (bone grafting of tunnels before revision ACLR) (OR, 1.93; P = .052) did not reach significance. Patients with grade 4 cartilage damage seen during revision ACLR were 78% less likely to undergo subsequent operations within 2 years. Sex, body mass index, smoking history, Marx activity score, technique for femoral tunnel placement, and meniscal tearing or meniscal treatment at the time of revision ACLR showed no significant effect on the reoperation rate. CONCLUSION: There was a significant reoperation rate after revision ACLR at 2 years (11%), with meniscal procedures most commonly involved. Independent risk factors for subsequent surgery on the ipsilateral knee included age <20 years and the use of allograft tissue at the time of revision ACLR

The Fifteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release of MaNGA-derived Quantities, Data Visualization Tools, and Stellar Library

Twenty years have passed since first light for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Here, we release data taken by the fourth phase of SDSS (SDSS-IV) across its first three years of operation (2014 July–2017 July). This is the third data release for SDSS-IV, and the 15th from SDSS (Data Release Fifteen; DR15). New data come from MaNGA—we release 4824 data cubes, as well as the first stellar spectra in the MaNGA Stellar Library (MaStar), the first set of survey-supported analysis products (e.g., stellar and gas kinematics, emission-line and other maps) from the MaNGA Data Analysis Pipeline, and a new data visualization and access tool we call "Marvin." The next data release, DR16, will include new data from both APOGEE-2 and eBOSS; those surveys release no new data here, but we document updates and corrections to their data processing pipelines. The release is cumulative; it also includes the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since first light. In this paper, we describe the location and format of the data and tools and cite technical references describing how it was obtained and processed. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has also been updated, providing links to data downloads, tutorials, and examples of data use. Although SDSS-IV will continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V (2020–2025), we end this paper by describing plans to ensure the sustainability of the SDSS data archive for many years beyond the collection of data

The Fifteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release of MaNGA-derived Quantities, Data Visualization Tools, and Stellar Library

Twenty years have passed since first light for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Here, we release data taken by the fourth phase of SDSS (SDSS-IV) across its first three years of operation (2014 July–2017 July). This is the third data release for SDSS-IV, and the 15th from SDSS (Data Release Fifteen; DR15). New data come from MaNGA—we release 4824 data cubes, as well as the first stellar spectra in the MaNGA Stellar Library (MaStar), the first set of survey-supported analysis products (e.g., stellar and gas kinematics, emission-line and other maps) from the MaNGA Data Analysis Pipeline, and a new data visualization and access tool we call "Marvin." The next data release, DR16, will include new data from both APOGEE-2 and eBOSS; those surveys release no new data here, but we document updates and corrections to their data processing pipelines. The release is cumulative; it also includes the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since first light. In this paper, we describe the location and format of the data and tools and cite technical references describing how it was obtained and processed. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has also been updated, providing links to data downloads, tutorials, and examples of data use. Although SDSS-IV will continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V (2020–2025), we end this paper by describing plans to ensure the sustainability of the SDSS data archive for many years beyond the collection of data