Evaluacion economica de la produccion de leche : caso de estudio PROFO Lechera, Linares

86 p.Con el fin de determinar la rentabilidad de la producción de leche, se efectuó una evaluación económica de dos predios dedicados a la explotación lechera, ubicados en la provincia de Linares, VII Región del Maule. Estos se seleccionaron del Proyecto de Fomento Lechero de Linares Proleche S.A., se utilizo esta información debido a la disponibilidad y confiabilidad de esta. La evaluación económica se efectuó sobre la base actual de cada predio, utilizando como horizonte de evaluación diez años. Se utilizo el Valor Actual Neto (VAN) y la Tasa Interna de Retorno (T1R), como indicadores de rentabilidad. Por otra parte, se estimo indicadores de productividad, para determinar su relación con la rentabilidad del negocio. Los resultados arrojaron un VAN positivo para ambos casos y por ende una TIR mayor que la tasa a la cual se descontaron los flujos, por lo que ambas explotaciones son rentables bajo las actuales inversiones en capital que poseen, pero con una producción proyectada a una tasa de crecimiento de 5% anual. Los indicadores de productividad señalan que el Caso 2 posee una mayor producción por vaca ordeñada diaria que el Caso 1, situación que se explica por diferencias en la alimentación del rebaño. Los indicadores de eficiencia económica indican que el Caso 1 obtiene mayores utilidades por vacas masa y por hectáreas dedicadas a la lechería que el Caso 2. Sin embargo, casi no se produce diferencia en la rentabilidad sobre el capital, ya que por cada peso invertido ambos obtienen 15 centavos como utilidad. Lo anterior se explica porque a pesar de que el primer predio obtiene mayores utilidades en un periodo de 12 meses, la menor inversión en capital del segundo predio compensa su desventaja en utilidad. De la discusión efectuada en el estudio, se desprende que las rentabilidades sobre el capital, estimadas para lecherías de la IX Región son bajas comparadas con las de este trabajo, porque las primeras descuentan las depreciaciones para calcular las utilidades, item que representó un monto significativo, debido a las altas inversiones que caracterizan a las explotaciones de la zona sur del país. Las principales conclusiones del estudio indican que el alto volumen de producción influye positivamente en la rentabilidad, sin embargo, los principales factores que inciden en los beneficios son de carácter técnico, básicamente el manejo alimenticio, la estacionalidad de la producción, el primero porque una adecuada alimentación eleva el rendimiento por animal y por ende mejora la producción total; el segundo porque a menor estacionalidad mejores precios recibidos por el productor por parte de los centros de acopio

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

The impact of surgical delay on resectability of colorectal cancer: An international prospective cohort study

AimThe SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has provided a unique opportunity to explore the impact of surgical delays on cancer resectability. This study aimed to compare resectability for colorectal cancer patients undergoing delayed versus non-delayed surgery.MethodsThis was an international prospective cohort study of consecutive colorectal cancer patients with a decision for curative surgery (January-April 2020). Surgical delay was defined as an operation taking place more than 4 weeks after treatment decision, in a patient who did not receive neoadjuvant therapy. A subgroup analysis explored the effects of delay in elective patients only. The impact of longer delays was explored in a sensitivity analysis. The primary outcome was complete resection, defined as curative resection with an R0 margin.ResultsOverall, 5453 patients from 304 hospitals in 47 countries were included, of whom 6.6% (358/5453) did not receive their planned operation. Of the 4304 operated patients without neoadjuvant therapy, 40.5% (1744/4304) were delayed beyond 4 weeks. Delayed patients were more likely to be older, men, more comorbid, have higher body mass index and have rectal cancer and early stage disease. Delayed patients had higher unadjusted rates of complete resection (93.7% vs. 91.9%, P = 0.032) and lower rates of emergency surgery (4.5% vs. 22.5%, P ConclusionOne in 15 colorectal cancer patients did not receive their planned operation during the first wave of COVID-19. Surgical delay did not appear to compromise resectability, raising the hypothesis that any reduction in long-term survival attributable to delays is likely to be due to micro-metastatic disease