The Translation of Children’s and Young Adult Literature focusing on Arabic and Islamic issues: Publishers, Preliminary Norms & Interrelated Polysystems

From the point of view of both Postcolonial Studies and Manipulation School (Kruger 2012), children and young adult translated literature constitute a suitable field of analysis to study the construction of Otherness in contemporary societies, particularly as far as cultural minorities are concerned. It is because the relations between cultures are not neutral, nor are communicative exchanges; there are power relationships, and translation, as a shaping force on sociocultural structures (Venuti 1998), is not excluded from this situation, nor «innocent» (Lefevere & Bassnett, 1990). /nAccordingly, children’s and YA literature of Arabic and Muslim issues had great success in the Spanish publishing market since the late 80’, due to the need to discuss issues such as racism, immigration, intercultural and interreligious relations, and second-generation immigrants, current topics of highest social interest, with critical impact on both the Spanish education system and the media. From this approach, this study presents the preliminary norms for translation of this type of children’s and YA literature, based on a corpus of 150 books published in Spain. Secondly, the interactions of the Spanish literary polysystem with other western polysystems are analysed, within the framework of the world literary system (Heilbron and Sapiro 2007). Finally, the role of Spanish publishers as part of patronage (Lefevere 1997), and their role in the conservation / renewal of the poetics of the target literary polysystem and in the construction of otherness in Spanish culture is addressed.Desde los estudios poscoloniales y los de la Manipulación (Kruger 2012), el análisis de la traducción de la LIJ constituye un campo de análisis idóneo para estudiar la construcción de la Otredad en las sociedades contemporáneas, particularmente por lo que a las minorías culturales se refiere, pues las relaciones entre culturas no son neutrales, como tampoco los intercambios comunicativos; existen relaciones de poder, y la traducción, como una fuerza conformadora de la cultura (Venuti 1998), no es ajena a este hecho, ni es inocente (Lefevere y Bassnett 1990)./nEn este sentido, La LIJ de temática árabe e islámica ha tenido un gran auge en el mercado editorial español desde finales de los años ochenta, por la necesidad de cubrir cuestiones como el racismo, la inmigración, las relaciones interculturales e interreligiosas o la segunda generación, temas todos ellos de interés social, con repercusiones en el sistema educativo y en los medios de comunicación. Desde este planteamiento, el presente estudio presenta las normas preliminares de traducción de este tipo de LIJ, definidas a partir de un estudio de corpus formado por 150 obras publicadas en España con esta temática. En segundo lugar, se analizan las interacciones del polisistema literario español con otros polisistemas occidentales, en el marco del sistema literario mundial (Heilbron y Sapiro 2007). Por último, se aborda el papel de las editoriales españolas como parte del mecenazgo (Lefevere 1997), y su función en la conservación/renovación de la poética del polisistema literario meta y en la construcción de la Otredad en la cultura española

UNA APROXIMACIÓN DISCURSIVA A LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA IDENTIDAD EN E/L2. ESTUDIO DE CASO SOBRE LA PRODUCCIÓN ESCRITA DE UNA ESTUDIANTE UNIVERSITARIA CHINA

ResumenCon la aplicación de los postulados desarrollados por la Teoría Crítica a la investigación sobre ASL, el aprendiz de una L2 ha pasado de ser considerado como un sujeto aislado, responsable único de su grado último de desarrollo de la interlingua, para considerar: a) el aprendizaje como práctica social (Norton 2001: 166); b) las características del contexto social, cultural e histórico en que se produce dicho aprendizaje (Block 2003: 50); y c) las relaciones de poder que se establecen entre un hablante nativo y el aprendiz de una L2. Desde este planteamiento, el objetivo del presente trabajo es estudiar cómo se representa y transforma la identidad en el discurso de un aprendiz de E/L2. Para proceder al análisis de esta cuestión, presentamos un estudio de caso que se corresponde con aprendizaje “ideal” (Cenoz y Perales 2000), en el que se combinan un contexto reglado de aprendizaje en una universidad española, con exposición directa al input lingüístico, discursivo y cultural meta. El sujeto informante es una estudiante china de veinte años, que cursa sus estudios de grado en Traducción e Interpretación. El sujeto tiene competencia comunicativa en inglés, si bien no ha residido con anterioridad en otros países europeos ni ha tenido experiencia migratoria alguna. Por lo que al corpus de análisis se refiere, el estudio se centra en la modalidad de discurso escrito, recurriendo a un tratamiento cualitativo de los datos y extrayéndose de los textos aquellos parámetros que singularizan la construcción del Yo.AbstractApplying the principles of Critical Theory research to SLA, the L2 learner is no longer regarded as an isolated subject, solely responsible for his/her ultimate degree of development of the interlanguage, but instead language learning is viewed as a social practice (Norton 2001: 166); also of interest here are the characteristics of the social, cultural and historical context in which such learning occurs (Block 2003: 50) and the power relations that exist between a native speaker and L2 learner. With this perspective in mind, this paper aims to study the way in which identities are represented and transformed in the discourse of a learner of Spanish as a second language. To arrive at our analysis, we present a case study of an example of “ideal” learning (Cenoz and Perales 2000),which combines a controlled learning setting in a Spanish university with direct exposure to linguistic, as well as cultural and discursive input. The subject of this study is a Chinese student of translation and interpretation studies; she is fluent in English, although she has not previously lived  abroad. As for the corpus analyzed here, the focus is on the modality of written discourse, using a qualitative data analysis and concentrating on those portions which shed light on the construction of the Self

Aspectos lingüísticos y extralingüísticos de la traducción jurídico-administrativa de documentos africanos en francés

Conséquences de la globalisation et de l’immigration, de nombreux traducteurs du français à l’espagnol se trouvent quotidiennement en présence de documents qui, bien qu’ils soient écrits en français, présentent des particularités qui rendent la langue de ces textes différente de la langue standard qu’ils ont normalement étudiée. Ceci est particulièrement intéressant dans le cas de textes juridiques et administratifs, soit des textes de langue de spécialité qui, a priori, ne devraient pas être fortement marqués culturellement. Prenant ce raisonnement comme point de départ, l’objectif poursuivi est l’analyse de quelques aspects linguistiques et extralinguistiques qui conditionnent le processus traducteur en examinant autant la compréhension du texte que la production du texte d’arrivée

Trends in Tissue Regeneration: Bio-Nanomaterials

Tissue engineering requires functional platforms or scaffolds with specific properties concerning the morphology, chemistry of the surface and interconnectivity to promote cell adhesion and proliferation. These requisites are not only important for cellular migration but also to supply nutrients and expulsion of waste molecules. Cell type must be considered when designing a specific cellular grown system as a scaffold; for instance, if they are autologous, allogeneic or xenogeneic. The challenge in tissue engineering is to develop an organized three-dimensional architecture with functional characteristics that mimic the extracellular matrix. In this regard, with the advent of nanotechnology scaffolds are now being developed that meet most of the aforementioned requisites. In the present chapter, the use of biopolymers based nanostructures is addressed, including biomaterials and stem cells, bio-nanocomposites, and specific clinical cases where these systems were employed. We emphasize the future challenges and perspectives in the design of biocompatible and nontoxic nanocomposites with high efficiency as a promoter for tissue regeneration and many other biomedical applications

Pozzolanic materials to reduce CO2 emissions: local solutions for a global issue.

Abstract de una keynote invitada.In recent decades, the cement sector has been looking for solutions to reduce the carbon footprint, being one of the most promising strategies, the replacement of clinker with supplementary cementitious materials, SCMs. However, the main limitation of this approach is the availability of suitable SCMs. This work presents the study of three families of pozzolanic materials, Spanish calcined clays (CC), Natural Pozzolans (NP) and fly ashes (FA). The characterization of each family will be presented, with emphasis on the kaolinite content of the original clays and the amorphous contents of the natural pozzolans and fly ashes. The results of the pozzolanic prediction tests will be compared: strength activity index, SAI, and R3 test according to ASTM C1897-20. The SAI test has two important limitations: i) it gives false positives at 28 days, as does the addition of quartz (Qz) and ii) a minimum of 28 days is required to obtain the pozzolanic activity results. In addition, the R3 test has proved to be useful in ruling out inert additions, such as quartz. Moreover, it presents a very good correlation between the heat emitted and the combined water at 7 days and the amount of kaolinite in clays or amorphous in ashes. However, the absolute values of heat and combined water cannot be compared between different families. That is, in the calcined clay family, it can be inferred that if the kaolinite content is higher than 50 wt%, the heat released should be between 500-700 J/g, whereas a fly ash with an amorphous content of around 70 wt% will release between 200-250 J/g.PID2020-114650RB-I00 grant from Spanish government, Master Builders Solutions Deutschland GmbH (Germany) and Buzzi Unicem SpA (Italy) are thanked for the funding. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Prevalence of Lynch Syndrome among Patients with Newly Diagnosed Endometrial Cancers

Background: Lynch syndrome (LS) is a hereditary condition that increases the risk for endometrial and other cancers. The identification of endometrial cancer (EC) patients with LS has the potential to influence life-saving interventions. We aimed to study the prevalence of LS among EC patients in our population. Methods: Universal screening for LS was applied for a consecutive series EC. Tumor testing using microsatellite instability (MSI), immunohistochemistry (IHC) for mismatch-repair (MMR) protein expression and MLH1-methylation analysis, when required, was used to select LS-suspicious cases. Sequencing of corresponding MMR genes was performed. Results: One hundred and seventy-three EC (average age, 63 years) were screened. Sixty-one patients (35%) had abnormal IHC or MSI results. After MLH1 methylation analysis, 27 cases were considered suspicious of LS. From these, 22 were contacted and referred for genetic counseling. Nineteen pursued genetic testing and eight were diagnosed of LS. Mutations were more frequent in younger patients (<50 yrs). Three cases had either intact IHC or MSS and reinforce the need of implement the EC screening with both techniques. Conclusion: The prevalence of LS among EC patients was 4.6% (8/173); with a predictive frequency of 6.6% in the Spanish population. Universal screening of EC for LS is recommended.This study was supported by Conselleria Sanidad Comunidad Valenciana, Spain (AP/177/10) (http://www.san.gva.es/); Biomedical Research Foundations of the Alicante University Hospital (PI14/2006 and NI02/2011) (http://www.dep19.san.gva.es/); and the Elche University Hospital, Spain (FIBElx-CO11/03) (http://www.dep20.san.gva.es/)

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

La adquisición del español en la población inmigrada en España: apuntes para una reflexión sobre el paradigma

The Acquisition of the Target Languages by Immigrants is nowadays a burning subject, not only because of the increasing interest recorded in the Migratory Phenomenon Studies but also because of the impact on and the processing by the Mass Media of the recent decisions of some European governments in the sense of making the Target Language Learning a compulsory study for immigrants. This paper aims to contribute to the debate with an overall impression about some factors that Public Powers should take into account at the moment of putting into practice this kind of measures. What is the role of the Target Societies as Second Language Acquisition Contexts? What extent the Acculturation Processes decide the Target Language Learning to? Have all the immigrants access on an equal basis to the Reception Language Learning? And finally, What is the difference between the teaching of Spanish for immigrants and other Spanish L2 Teaching Programs

La traducción de literatura infantil y juvenil de temática árabe e islámica al castellano: ideología y recepción

Esta investigación analiza la traducción de la literatura infantil y juvenil (LIJ) de temática árabe e islámica al castellano, a partir de un corpus formado por la guía Simsim (Casa Árabe 2008 y 2010). Dentro del marco de los Estudios Descriptivos de Traducción, el análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de los datos nos ha permitido, por un lado, encuadrar este tipo de LIJ en el marco de la comunidad interliteraria específica (CIE) española, -junto con el catalán, el euskera y el gallego-. Por otro lado, analizar el papel ejercido por otros polisistemas literarios presentes en el corpus (alemán, francés, inglés, italiano, neerlandés, árabe, portugués y hebreo), en el desarrollo la representación y de la imagen de la cultura árabe e islámica en la sociedad española contemporánea. Asimismo, la investigación presenta una propuesta de normas preliminares para la traducción de este tipo de LIJ, que coinciden, en líneas generales, con las aproximaciones desde las que se trata lo árabe y lo islámico en los medios de comunicación españoles. Este hecho nos llevó a estudiar el corpus desde la perspectiva del análisis del discurso. De este modo, se han revisado la aplicabilidad de las nociones de ideología y recepción, fundamentales en los Estudios de Traducción contemporáneos, y el papel del feminismo y de los estudios postcoloniales, tanto en la recepción de LIJ de autores árabes en España, como en la configuración del paradigma de la Otredad contemporánea. Por último, se analiza la no traducción directa del árabe fusha como una de dichas normas preliminares para la traducción de este tipo de LIJ y su relación con los metadiscursos que, sobre la lengua árabe y su traducción, se han desarrollado en España desde la Edad Media.The aim of this research was to analyze the translation into Spanish of Arabic and Islamic Children´s and Young People's Literature (CYPL) by using a corpus built from Guía Simsim (Casa Árabe, 2008 & 2010). By using the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies, we provide both a quantitative analysis and a qualitative analysis to the above corpus. After those analyses, we were able to frame these kinds of literatures within the specific Spanish Interliterary Community (SIC), --along with Basque, Catalan, and Galician communities-. Additionally, we research how other literary polysystems (German, French, English, Italian, Dutch, Arabic, Portuguese, and Hebrew) of our corpus played a role in the development of the representation and the image of Arabic and Islamic culture in Spanish contemporary society. Moreover, the research carried out introduces a proposal of preliminary rules for the translation of CYPL. Broadly speaking, these rules agree with the ones used to address Arabic and Islamic issues in/by Spanish media. That is the main reason why we analysed our corpus from the point of view of Discourse Analysis Studies. Thus, we reviewed the concept of “ideology” and the one of “reception”, both key issues in Contemporary Translation Studies, along with the role of feminism and postcolonial studies not only for the reception of CYPL of Arabic writers in Spain but also for the shaping of the paradigm of Contemporary Otherness. Finally, since it is/represents a preliminary rule for the translation of CYPL, we analysed the “no translation into Spanish from Fusha Arabic”, and its relation to the metadiscourses on Arabic language and its translation developed in Spain from Medieval times