Science Fairs Before Sputnik: Adolescent Scientific Culture in Contemporary America

Science Fairs before Sputnik: Adolescent Scientific Culture in Contemporary America traces the formation and evolution of science fairs in America, focusing on the ways in which adolescents established communities of practice by engaging in these competitions. Over the course of the twentieth century, generations of American children conducted their first experiments by crafting science fair projects. The dissertation evaluates this understudied phenomenon against the backdrop of American fascinations and fears of science and evolving notions of adolescence. It argues that science fairs were central to shaping an adolescent scientific culture in the United States during the early to mid twentieth century. The research is grounded in a source base that includes thousands of photographs of science fair displays, project descriptions written by students, museum collections of equipment, toys, and apparatus, scientific trade literature, popular magazines, and archival collections of sponsoring organizations. In reviewing this range of materials, the dissertation demonstrates how the meanings of science fairs were tied to widespread apprehensions regarding modern scientific advancements, negotiations between adolescents and adults over who held authority, the development of a children\u27s consumer culture, and broader debates regarding the role scientifically inclined youth would play in shaping the nation\u27s future. While acknowledging the ways in which adults orchestrated the science fair movement, Science Fairs before Sputnik evaluates these competitions from a child\u27s eye view, tracing how these competitions fostered the development of communities of practice. For adolescents, science fairs were a place to demonstrate their scientific acumen, develop relationships with like-minded peers, and perhaps most importantly, have fun. Science fairs also raise important philosophical questions regarding the epistemology of children\u27s experimentation. From vibrant three-dimensional dioramas of the Progressive era to postwar argument-driven text panels, science fair displays reveal students\u27 changing beliefs about what counted as faithful scientific evidence. Science fairs, in essence, provide an entry point for understanding how adolescents conceived of science on material, social, and epistemological terms over the course of the twentieth century

Prized Pieces of Land: The Impact of Reconstruction on African-American Land Ownership in Lower Richland County, South Carolina

This report is divided into five sections. The first section assesses the promise of Reconstruction for black South Carolinians in the years after the Civil War, and it situates thiscase study of the South Carolina Land Commission within that historical context. The second section examines in turn the seven tracts of land sold by the Land Commission in LowerRichland County. The research indicates that in two of the tracts, Hickory Hill and Hopkins, African-American families were able to purchase and retain significant acreage for well over acentury. Section three offers some concluding observations, as it presents a set of recommendations for preserving the extant properties of Lower Richland County associated withthe Land Commission sales and for interpreting this history to public audiences through museum exhibits and educational programming. The primary and secondary sources consulted in this study are listed in section four as a guide to further reading.https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/pubhist_books/1002/thumbnail.jp

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

AI3SD Intern Project: Uniting real and reciprocal space with machine learning

This year 15 interns join us for a 10 week programme between 28th June and 25th September 2021. The projects they are working on are interdisciplinary and include both cutting-edge AI and cutting-edge chemical discovery and demonstrate how and why they are relevant to AI3SD. The projects must be able to demonstrate valuable outputs both with respect to developing student skill and providing impact to AI3SD.The Interns will be required to produce a poster for the AI3SD Summer Project Symposia 1st – 2nd September 2021, and they will take part in our Skills4Scientists programme that will run weekly across July and August whereby the interns will be given training in a range of research, technical and interpersonal skills, alongside informative career-based events

Oceanography, population resources and the world :

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Oceanography, population resources and the world :

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AI3SD Video: Skills4Scientists - Poster & Careers Symposium - Poster Compilation

This video forms part of the Skills4Scientists Series which has been organised as a joint venture between the Artificial Intelligence for Scientific Discovery Network+ (AI3SD) and the Physical Sciences Data-Science Service (PSDS). This series ran over summer 2021 and aims to educate and improve scientists skills in a range of areas including research data management, python, version control, ethics, and career development. This series is primarily aimed at final year undergraduates / early stage PhD students. This video is a compilation of posters presented at the Skills4Scientists Posters & Careers Symposium. These poster presentations are predominantly from summer students involved in the AI3SD 2021 summer internship program. Higher resolution versions of the posters are available on the poster symposium website: https://www.ai3sd.org/s4s-symposium20...Not all poster presenters requested a recording of their talk. The following posters recordings are included in this compilation video. Poster 1 - Nearer the nearsightedness principle: Large-scale quantum chemical calculations – Andras Vekassy (University of Southampton) Poster 3 - Combining Ultrasonic Methods and Machine Learning Techniques to Assess Baked Products Quality – Erhan Gulsen (University of Nottingham) Poster 4 - Interactive Knowledge-Based Solvent Selection Tool – Hewan Zewdu (University of Nottingham)Poster 5 - CV in High Throughput Chemistry – Jamie Longino (University of Strathclyde)Poster 9 - Dewetting in Thin Liquid Films: Using Sparse Optimization to Learn Evolution Equations – Aspen Fenzl (University of Sheffield)Poster 12 - Creating a merged dataset and its exploration with different Machine Learning algorithms – Maximilian Hoffman (Freie Universität of Berlin)Poster 14 - Bayesian optimisation in Chemistry – Rubaiyat Khondaker (University of Cambridge) Poster 15 - A deep neural network for generation of functional organic materials – Rhyan Barrett (University of Warwick) Thank you to our sponsors Optibrium (https://www.optibrium.com/) and Dotmatics (https://www.dotmatics.com/) who supported this event. These poster presentations were live cartooned by ErrantScience (errantscience.com) which is also available on our YouTube Channel. Sections Intro: (0:00) Andras Vekassy - Nearer the nearsighted principle: Large-scale quantum chemical calculations: (0:17) Erhan Gulsen - Combining Ultrasonic Methods and Machine Learning Techniques to Assess Baked Products Quality: (06:11) Hewan Zewdu - Interactive Knowledge-Based Solvent Selection Tool: (12:09) Jamie Longino - CV in High Throughput Chemistry: (16:52) Aspen Fenzl - Dewetting in Thin Liquid Films: Using Sparse Optimization to Learn Evolution Equations: (21:21) Maximillian Hoffman - Creating a merged dataset and its exploration with different machine learning algorithms: (27:31) Rubaiyat Khondaker - Bayesian optimisation in Chemistry: (34:33) Rhyan Barrett - A deep neural network for generation of functional organic materials: (40:06) Further details from this series can be found at: https://www.ai3sd.org/skills4scientists This video is an output from the AI3SD Network+ (Artificial Intelligence and Augmented Intelligence for Automated Investigations for Scientific Discovery) which is funded by EPSRC under Grant Number EP/S000356/1 and PSDS (Physical Sciences Data science Service) which is funded by EPSRC under Grant Number EP/S020357/1

Northern Arabian Sea Circulation Autonomous Research (NASCar) A RESEARCH INITIATIVE BASED ON AUTONOMOUS SENSORS

The Arabian Sea circulation is forced by strong monsoonal winds and is characterized by vigorous seasonally reversing currents, extreme differences in sea surface salinity, localized substantial upwelling, and widespread submesoscale thermohaline structures. Its complicated sea surface temperature patterns are important for the onset and evolution of the Asian monsoon. This article describes a program that aims to elucidate the role of upper-ocean processes and atmospheric feedbacks in setting the sea surface temperature properties of the region. The wide range of spatial and temporal scales and the difficulty of accessing much of the region with ships due to piracy motivated a novel approach based on state-of-the-art autonomous ocean sensors and platforms. The extensive data set that is being collected, combined with numerical models and remote sensing data, confirms the role of planetary waves in the reversal of the Somali Current system. These data also document the fast response of the upper equatorial ocean to monsoon winds through changes in temperature and salinity and the connectivity of the surface currents across the northern Indian Ocean. New observations of thermohaline interleaving structures and mixing in setting the surface temperature properties of the northern Arabian Sea are also discussed