De Lesseps contra Inglaterra : la batalla por la opinión pública en la construcción del Canal de Suez

El artículo pretende relatar, desde un enfoque propagandístico, el duro proceso de la construcción del Canal de Suez, a partir de su inicio en 1859 hasta su finalización en 1869. Ferdinand de Lesseps, el promotor de la gran obra de ingeniería, luchó durante todos esos años contra la oposición de Inglaterra, representada por Lord Palmerston. Para lograr su objetivo supo implicar la opinión pública internacional, gracias a su incansable labor diplomática, y, sobre todo, a su inteligente utilización de los más importantes periódicos europeos. Con ello queda demostrado que la opinión pública ya era un arma importante a mediados del siglo XIX, capaz de influir en las decisiones de los dirigentes europeos.The article tries to report, from a propaganda approach, the hard process of the construction of the Suez Canal, from its beginning in 1859 up to his ending in 1869. Ferdinand de Lesseps, the originator of the great work of engineering, fought during all these years against the opposition of England, represented by Lord Palmerston. To achieve his goal, he managed to imply the international public opinion, thanks to his tireless diplomatic labor, and, especially, to his intelligent utilization of the most important European newspapers, thus demonstrating that public opinion was already an important weapon in the middle of the 19th century, capable of influencing the decisions of the European leaders

The Mass Media in the Great War: "Everything for Our Country"

En la Primera Guerra Mundial, los medios de comunicación jugaron, por primera vez en la Historia, un papel importante en el desarrollo de una guerra. Un verdadero diluvio de panfletos, carteles, caricaturas, poemas, canciones y, también, películas cinematográficas inundaba los países beligerantes. Los aliados diseñaron su propaganda con mucho más eficacia que los alemanes, prisioneros de un Estado autoritario que creía innecesario una movilización de su población, acostumbrada a obedecer las consignas gubernamentales sin cuestionarlas. No fue hasta el final de la guerra, que los ciudadanos europeos descubrieron la magnitud de las mentiras y de la manipulación de la que habían sido víctimas.In the First World War the mass media played, for the first time in History, an important role in the development of a war. A real deluge of pamphlets, cartels, cartoons, poems, songs and, also, movies, was flooding the belligerent countries. The allies designed their propaganda with much more skill that the Germans, prisoners of an authoritarian State that believed unnecessarily a mobilization of his population, accustomed to obeying the governmental slogans without questioning them. It was not until the end of the war, that the European citizens discovered the magnitude of the lies and of the manipulation of which they had been victims

Sobre el placer y el peligro de la lectura de prensa.

Sin resume

Información y propaganda anglo-americana en la guerra de Corea

El conflicto de Corea marcó el inicio de la guerra fría entre las grandes potencias. Aunque, aparentemente, esta época terminó en 1989, el régimen despótico de Pyongyang sigue amenazando al mundo con la utilización de armas nucleares para imponer al mundo su política. El artículo analiza dos aspectos mediáticos de la guerra: la difícil tarea de los reporteros internacionales que informaban desde el campo de batalla, vigilados y censurados por el general McArthur; y la estrategia propagandística del gobierno de Gran Bretaña, que veía en la contienda una oportunidad para consolidar su relación privilegiada con los Estados Unidos.The Korea conflict marked the beginning of the cold war between the big powers. Though, seemingly, this period finished in 1989, Pyongyang's despotic regime still menaces the world with the use of nuclear weapons in order to impose on the world its politics. The article analyses two media aspects of the war: The difficult task of the international journalists who reported from the battleground, watched and censored by the general McArthur; and the propaganda strategy of the British Government, which saw in the confrontation an opportunity for consolidating its privileged relationship with the United States

Los medios de comunicación en la Gran Guerra: "Todo por la Patria"

En la Primera Guerra Mundial, los medios de comunicación jugaron, por primera vez en la Historia, un papel importante en el desarrollo de una guerra. Un verdadero diluvio de panfletos, carteles, caricaturas, poemas, canciones y, también, películas cinematográficas inundaba los países beligerantes. Los aliados diseñaron su propaganda con mucho más eficacia que los alemanes, prisioneros de un Estado autoritario que creía innecesario una movilización de su población, acostumbrada a obedecer las consignas gubernamentales sin cuestionarlas. No fue hasta el final de la guerra, que los ciudadanos europeos descubrieron la magnitud de las mentiras y de la manipulación de la que habían sido víctimas

La propaganda alemana en España : 1942-1944

A estas alturas no es ningún secreto que la Embajada alemana de Madrid desempeñó a lo largo de la Segunda Guerra Mundial una ardua labor de propaganda en suelo español. Un equipo formidable se dedicó incansablemente a promover los intereses germanos contando para ello con la aprobación oficial o tácita de gran parte de las autoridades franquistas. Aunque la mayoría de las ya numerosas publicaciones sobre las relaciones germano-españolas durante el conflicto bélico, dedican algunas páginas a este hecho ', apenas han puesto de relieve el enorme alcance de la implicación de organismos y particulares hispanos en la acción, que actuaron, o bien movidos por móviles patrióticos, pensando que los intereses alemanes eran idénticos a los españoles, o por causas económicas, beneficiándose de la generosidad de los fondos que la Embajada germana dedicaba a tales fines

Alemania y Filipinas en el 98

German interest in having a 'maritime colony'. In this case, one of the Philippines. In this case, one of the Philippines. Rumors and gossip agreements between Spain and France to take over Philippine territory sparked outrage in Germany. However, who actually went to the Philippines would belong to the United States. Germany should establish a mutual agreement if he wanted to be a part of the country's territorial phillipine. Interés de Alemania en poseer una 'colonia marítima'. En este caso, una la de Filipinas. Los rumores y habladurías de pactos entre España y Francia para hacerse con territorio filipino desataron indignación en Alemania. Sin embargo, a quién realmente iban a pertenecer las islas Filipinas sería a los Estados Unidos. Alemania debería establecer un acuerdo amistoso si pretendía llevarse una parte territorial del país filipino

Characterisation of age and polarity at onset in bipolar disorder

Background Studying phenotypic and genetic characteristics of age at onset (AAO) and polarity at onset (PAO) in bipolar disorder can provide new insights into disease pathology and facilitate the development of screening tools. Aims To examine the genetic architecture of AAO and PAO and their association with bipolar disorder disease characteristics. Method Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and polygenic score (PGS) analyses of AAO (n = 12 977) and PAO (n = 6773) were conducted in patients with bipolar disorder from 34 cohorts and a replication sample (n = 2237). The association of onset with disease characteristics was investigated in two of these cohorts. Results Earlier AAO was associated with a higher probability of psychotic symptoms, suicidality, lower educational attainment, not living together and fewer episodes. Depressive onset correlated with suicidality and manic onset correlated with delusions and manic episodes. Systematic differences in AAO between cohorts and continents of origin were observed. This was also reflected in single-nucleotide variant-based heritability estimates, with higher heritabilities for stricter onset definitions. Increased PGS for autism spectrum disorder (β = −0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), major depression (β = −0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), schizophrenia (β = −0.39 years, s.e. = 0.08), and educational attainment (β = −0.31 years, s.e. = 0.08) were associated with an earlier AAO. The AAO GWAS identified one significant locus, but this finding did not replicate. Neither GWAS nor PGS analyses yielded significant associations with PAO. Conclusions AAO and PAO are associated with indicators of bipolar disorder severity. Individuals with an earlier onset show an increased polygenic liability for a broad spectrum of psychiatric traits. Systematic differences in AAO across cohorts, continents and phenotype definitions introduce significant heterogeneity, affecting analyses

BHPR research: qualitative1. Complex reasoning determines patients' perception of outcome following foot surgery in rheumatoid arhtritis

Background: Foot surgery is common in patients with RA but research into surgical outcomes is limited and conceptually flawed as current outcome measures lack face validity: to date no one has asked patients what is important to them. This study aimed to determine which factors are important to patients when evaluating the success of foot surgery in RA Methods: Semi structured interviews of RA patients who had undergone foot surgery were conducted and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis of interviews was conducted to explore issues that were important to patients. Results: 11 RA patients (9 ♂, mean age 59, dis dur = 22yrs, mean of 3 yrs post op) with mixed experiences of foot surgery were interviewed. Patients interpreted outcome in respect to a multitude of factors, frequently positive change in one aspect contrasted with negative opinions about another. Overall, four major themes emerged. Function: Functional ability & participation in valued activities were very important to patients. Walking ability was a key concern but patients interpreted levels of activity in light of other aspects of their disease, reflecting on change in functional ability more than overall level. Positive feelings of improved mobility were often moderated by negative self perception ("I mean, I still walk like a waddling duck”). Appearance: Appearance was important to almost all patients but perhaps the most complex theme of all. Physical appearance, foot shape, and footwear were closely interlinked, yet patients saw these as distinct separate concepts. Patients need to legitimize these feelings was clear and they frequently entered into a defensive repertoire ("it's not cosmetic surgery; it's something that's more important than that, you know?”). Clinician opinion: Surgeons' post operative evaluation of the procedure was very influential. The impact of this appraisal continued to affect patients' lasting impression irrespective of how the outcome compared to their initial goals ("when he'd done it ... he said that hasn't worked as good as he'd wanted to ... but the pain has gone”). Pain: Whilst pain was important to almost all patients, it appeared to be less important than the other themes. Pain was predominately raised when it influenced other themes, such as function; many still felt the need to legitimize their foot pain in order for health professionals to take it seriously ("in the end I went to my GP because it had happened a few times and I went to an orthopaedic surgeon who was quite dismissive of it, it was like what are you complaining about”). Conclusions: Patients interpret the outcome of foot surgery using a multitude of interrelated factors, particularly functional ability, appearance and surgeons' appraisal of the procedure. While pain was often noted, this appeared less important than other factors in the overall outcome of the surgery. Future research into foot surgery should incorporate the complexity of how patients determine their outcome Disclosure statement: All authors have declared no conflicts of interes

Dissecting the Shared Genetic Architecture of Suicide Attempt, Psychiatric Disorders, and Known Risk Factors

Background Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, and nonfatal suicide attempts, which occur far more frequently, are a major source of disability and social and economic burden. Both have substantial genetic etiology, which is partially shared and partially distinct from that of related psychiatric disorders. Methods We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 29,782 suicide attempt (SA) cases and 519,961 controls in the International Suicide Genetics Consortium (ISGC). The GWAS of SA was conditioned on psychiatric disorders using GWAS summary statistics via multitrait-based conditional and joint analysis, to remove genetic effects on SA mediated by psychiatric disorders. We investigated the shared and divergent genetic architectures of SA, psychiatric disorders, and other known risk factors. Results Two loci reached genome-wide significance for SA: the major histocompatibility complex and an intergenic locus on chromosome 7, the latter of which remained associated with SA after conditioning on psychiatric disorders and replicated in an independent cohort from the Million Veteran Program. This locus has been implicated in risk-taking behavior, smoking, and insomnia. SA showed strong genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders, particularly major depression, and also with smoking, pain, risk-taking behavior, sleep disturbances, lower educational attainment, reproductive traits, lower socioeconomic status, and poorer general health. After conditioning on psychiatric disorders, the genetic correlations between SA and psychiatric disorders decreased, whereas those with nonpsychiatric traits remained largely unchanged. Conclusions Our results identify a risk locus that contributes more strongly to SA than other phenotypes and suggest a shared underlying biology between SA and known risk factors that is not mediated by psychiatric disorders.Peer reviewe