1,182 research outputs found
Direct observation of the band gap transition in atomically thin ReS
ReS is considered as a promising candidate for novel electronic and
sensor applications. The low crystal symmetry of the van der Waals compound
ReS leads to a highly anisotropic optical, vibrational, and transport
behavior. However, the details of the electronic band structure of this
fascinating material are still largely unexplored. We present a
momentum-resolved study of the electronic structure of monolayer, bilayer, and
bulk ReS using k-space photoemission microscopy in combination with
first-principles calculations. We demonstrate that the valence electrons in
bulk ReS are - contrary to assumptions in recent literature - significantly
delocalized across the van der Waals gap. Furthermore, we directly observe the
evolution of the valence band dispersion as a function of the number of layers,
revealing a significantly increased effective electron mass in single-layer
crystals. We also find that only bilayer ReS has a direct band gap. Our
results establish bilayer ReS as a advantageous building block for
two-dimensional devices and van der Waals heterostructures
School census autumn 2017 : 16 to 19 reports : user guide
The
synthesis of a series of cobalt NHC complexes of the types [Co(NHC)<sub>2</sub>(CO)(NO)] (NHC = <i>i</i>Pr<sub>2</sub>Im (<b>2</b>), <i>n</i>Pr<sub>2</sub>Im (<b>3</b>), Cy<sub>2</sub>Im (<b>4</b>), Me<sub>2</sub>Im (<b>5</b>), <i>i</i>Pr<sub>2</sub>ImMe (<b>6</b>), Me<sub>2</sub>ImMe
(<b>7</b>), Me<i>i</i>PrIm (<b>8</b>), Me<i>t</i>BuIm (<b>9</b>); R<sub>2</sub>Im = 1,3-dialkylimidazolin-2-ylidene) and [Co(NHC)(CO)<sub>2</sub>(NO)] (NHC = <i>i</i>Pr<sub>2</sub>Im (<b>13</b>), <i>n</i>Pr<sub>2</sub>Im (<b>14</b>), Me<sub>2</sub>Im (<b>15</b>), <i>i</i>Pr<sub>2</sub>ImMe (<b>16</b>), Me<sub>2</sub>ImMe (<b>17</b>), Me<i>i</i>PrIm
(<b>18</b>), Me<i>t</i>BuIm (<b>19</b>)) from
the reaction of the NHC with [Co(CO)<sub>3</sub>(NO)] (<b>1</b>) is reported. These complexes have been characterized using elemental
analysis, IR spectroscopy, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and in many
cases by X-ray crystallography. Bulky NHCs tend to form the mono-NHC-substituted
complexes [Co(NHC)(CO)<sub>2</sub>(NO)], even from the reaction with
an stoichiometric excess of the NHC, as demonstrated by the synthesis
of [Co(Dipp<sub>2</sub>Im)(CO)<sub>2</sub>(NO)] (<b>11</b>),
[Co(Mes<sub>2</sub>Im)(CO)<sub>2</sub>(NO)] (<b>12</b>), and
[Co(<sup>Me</sup>cAAC)(CO)<sub>2</sub>(NO)] (<b>20</b>). For <i>t</i>Bu<sub>2</sub>Im a preferred coordination via the NHC backbone
(“abnormal” coordination at the 4-position) was observed
and the complex [Co(<i>t</i>Bu<sub>2</sub><sup>a</sup>Im)(CO)<sub>2</sub>(NO)] (<b>10</b>) was isolated. All of these complexes
are volatile, are stable upon sublimation and prolonged storage in
the gas phase, and readily decompose at higher temperatures. Furthermore,
DTA/TG analyses revealed that the complexes [Co(NHC)<sub>2</sub>(CO)(NO)]
are seemingly more stable toward thermal decomposition in comparison
to the complexes [Co(NHC)(CO)<sub>2</sub>(NO)]. We thus conclude that
the cobalt complexes of the type [Co(NHC)(CO)<sub>2</sub>(NO)] and
[Co(NHC)<sub>2</sub>(CO)(NO)] have potential for application as precursors
in the vapor deposition of thin cobalt films
Towards a harmonization of distributed trait datasets
Trait-based research spans from evolutionary studies of individual-level properties to global patterns of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. An increasing number of trait data is available for many different organism groups, being published as open access data on a variety of file hosting services. Thus, standardization between datasets is generally lacking due to heterogeneous data formats and types. The compilation of these published data into centralised databases remains a difficult and time-consuming task.
We reviewed existing trait databases and online services, as well as initiatives for trait data standardization. Together with data providers and users we identified a need for a minimal trait-data terminology that is flexible enough to include traits from all types of organisms but simple enough to be adopted by different research communities.
In order to facilitate reproducibility of analyses, the reuse of data and the combination of datasets from multiple sources, we propose a standardized vocabulary for trait data that is compatible with existing ontologies. We tested the vocabulary using trait datasets from several research groups working on different taxa and questions in a large project (the Biodiversity Exploratories, www.biodiversity-exploratories.de). By relying on unambiguous identifiers, the proposed minimal vocabulary for trait data captures the different degrees of resolution and measurement detail for multiple use cases of trait-based research. It further encourages the use of global Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI) for taxa and trait definitions, methods and units, thereby following the standards for a semantic web of scientific data.
In addition, we developed an R-based tool to convert any trait dataset into the proposed standard format. The R-package facilitates the upload of own data to hosting services but also simplifies the access to published trait data. It also offers direct access to trait datasets that have been published in the public domain or under creative commons licenses. All these products are available through the Github platform (https://github.com/EcologicalTraitData) with the aim of a continuous collaboration and improvement with the research community.
KEYWORDS: traits, standardization, ontology, semantic web, tools, distributed data, R package, Biodiversity Exploratorie
A slow-fast trait continuum at the whole community level in relation to land-use intensification
Organismal functional strategies form a continuum from slow- to fast-growing organisms, in response to common drivers such as resource availability and disturbance. However, whether there is synchronisation of these strategies at the entire community level is unclear. Here, we combine trait data for >2800 above- and belowground taxa from 14 trophic guilds spanning a disturbance and resource availability gradient in German grasslands. The results indicate that most guilds consistently respond to these drivers through both direct and trophically mediated effects, resulting in a ‘slow-fast’ axis at the level of the entire community. Using 15 indicators of carbon and nutrient fluxes, biomass production and decomposition, we also show that fast trait communities are associated with faster rates of ecosystem functioning. These findings demonstrate that ‘slow’ and ‘fast’ strategies can be manifested at the level of whole communities, opening new avenues of ecosystem-level functional classification
The clustering of galaxies in the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: single-probe measurements from CMASS anisotropic galaxy clustering
With the largest spectroscopic galaxy survey volume drawn from the SDSS-III
Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS), we can extract cosmological
constraints from the measurements of redshift and geometric distortions at
quasi-linear scales (e.g. above 50 Mpc). We analyze the broad-range
shape of the monopole and quadrupole correlation functions of the BOSS Data
Release 12 (DR12) CMASS galaxy sample, at the effective redshift , to
obtain constraints on the Hubble expansion rate , the angular-diameter
distance , the normalized growth rate , and the
physical matter density . We obtain robust measurements by
including a polynomial as the model for the systematic errors, and find it
works very well against the systematic effects, e.g., ones induced by stars and
seeing. We provide accurate measurements ,
, , = , , , ,
where is the comoving sound horizon at the drag epoch and
Mpc is the sound scale of the fiducial cosmology used in
this study. The parameters which are not well constrained by our galaxy
clustering analysis are marginalized over with wide flat priors. Since no
priors from other data sets, e.g., cosmic microwave background (CMB), are
adopted and no dark energy models are assumed, our results from BOSS CMASS
galaxy clustering alone may be combined with other data sets, i.e., CMB, SNe,
lensing or other galaxy clustering data to constrain the parameters of a given
cosmological model. The uncertainty on the dark energy equation of state
parameter, , from CMB+CMASS is about 8 per cent. The uncertainty on the
curvature fraction, , is 0.3 per cent. We do not find deviation from
flat CDM.Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures. The latest version matches and the accepted
version by MNRAS. A bug in the first version has been identified and fixed in
the new version. We have redone the analysis with newest data (BOSS DR12
Open Science Principles for Accelerating Trait-Based Science Across the Tree of Life
Synthesizing trait observations and knowledge across the Tree of Life remains a grand challenge for biodiversity science. Species traits are widely used in ecological and evolutionary science, and new data and methods have proliferated rapidly. Yet accessing and integrating disparate data sources remains a considerable challenge, slowing progress toward a global synthesis to integrate trait data across organisms. Trait science needs a vision for achieving global integration across all organisms. Here, we outline how the adoption of key Open Science principles—open data, open source and open methods—is transforming trait science, increasing transparency, democratizing access and accelerating global synthesis. To enhance widespread adoption of these principles, we introduce the Open Traits Network (OTN), a global, decentralized community welcoming all researchers and institutions pursuing the collaborative goal of standardizing and integrating trait data across organisms. We demonstrate how adherence to Open Science principles is key to the OTN community and outline five activities that can accelerate the synthesis of trait data across the Tree of Life, thereby facilitating rapid advances to address scientific inquiries and environmental issues. Lessons learned along the path to a global synthesis of trait data will provide a framework for addressing similarly complex data science and informatics challenges
The clustering of galaxies in the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey : measuring DA and H at z = 0.57 from the baryon acoustic peak in the Data Release 9 spectroscopic Galaxy sample
We present measurements of the angular diameter distance to and Hubble parameter at z = 0.57 from the measurement of the baryon acoustic peak in the correlation of galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey. Our analysis is based on a sample from Data Release 9 of 264 283 galaxies over 3275 square degrees in the redshift range 0.43 < z < 0.70. We use two different methods to provide robust measurement of the acoustic peak position across and along the line of sight in order to measure the cosmological distance scale. We find DA(0.57) = 1408 ± 45 Mpc and H(0.57) = 92.9 ± 7.8 km s−1 Mpc−1 for our fiducial value of the sound horizon. These results from the anisotropic fitting are fully consistent with the analysis of the spherically averaged acoustic peak position presented in Anderson et al. Our distance measurements are a close match to the predictions of the standard cosmological model featuring a cosmological constant and zero spatial curvature.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey data release 12 : galaxy target selection and large-scale structure catalogues
The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS), part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) III project, has provided the largest survey of galaxy redshifts available to date, in terms of both the number of galaxy redshifts measured by a single survey, and the effective cosmological volume covered. Key to analysing the clustering of these data to provide cosmological measurements is understanding the detailed properties of this sample. Potential issues include variations in the target catalogue caused by changes either in the targeting algorithm or properties of the data used, the pattern of spectroscopic observations, the spatial distribution of targets for which redshifts were not obtained, and variations in the target sky density due to observational systematics. We document here the target selection algorithms used to create the galaxy samples that comprise BOSS. We also present the algorithms used to create large-scale structure catalogues for the final Data Release (DR12) samples and the associated random catalogues that quantify the survey mask. The algorithms are an evolution of those used by the BOSS team to construct catalogues from earlier data, and have been designed to accurately quantify the galaxy sample. The code used, designated mksample, is released with this paper.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
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