Inclusão educacional de pessoas com Autismo no Brasil: uma revisão da literatura

Brazilian legislation mandates that all children with disabilities have access to general education, including those with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). While the benefits of mainstreamed education have been described in numerous studies, the topic remains controversial, particularly regarding the competence of general schools in addressing the needs of students with ASD. The purpose of this article is to describe what studies published between 2008 and 2013 have revealed about the educational inclusion of people with ASD in Brazil. The results indicate that the access of these students to regular classrooms increased after the popularization of the inclusion paradigm. In spite of this fact, investigations suggest that school personnel have scarce knowledge concerning the syndrome and the educational strategies applied in schools may entail little effect on the learning process of these students.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984686X10178A legislação brasileira determina que todas as crianças devem ter acesso à escola comum, incluindo sujeitos com transtornos do espectro do autismo. Embora um corpo substancial de pesquisas descreva os benefícios derivados da inclusão dessas pessoas, o tema ainda permanece controverso, principalmente quanto à possibilidade das escolas oferecerem respostas adequadas às necessidades de crianças com TEA. O presente artigo tem por objetivo identificar o que as produções científicas nacionais, publicadas entre 2008 e 2013, têm revelado sobre a inclusão de pessoas com TEA no Brasil. Os resultados mostram que a presença desses educandos em escolas regulares aumentou de forma expressiva após a popularização do paradigma da inclusão. Por outro lado, observa-se que o desconhecimento sobre a síndrome e a carência de estratégias pedagógicas específicas pode acarretar poucos efeitos na aprendizagem dessa população.   Palavras-chave: Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo; Inclusão; revisão descritiv

Perfil da saúde bucal de trabalhadores na indústria metalúrgica

Objetivo: Identificar o perfil da saúde bucal dos trabalhadores de uma indústria metalúrgica de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo - Brasil. Metodologia: Realizou-se estudo transversal com aplicação de questionário e exame clínico (OMS) em 600 trabalhadores de agosto a dezembro de 2006. O questionário com 21 itens abordou: idade, gênero, estado civil, escolaridade, tipo de residência, hábito de fumar, ocupação, turno de trabalho, tempo de serviço, presença de alimento retido no dente, gosto desagradável na boca, sangramento de gengiva, sensibilidade nos dentes, uso de medicação para aliviar dor ou desconforto no dente, gengiva ou prótese, uso de prótese, satisfação com a prótese e com a estética do sorriso, range os dentes, já sofreu algum tipo de acidente na boca ou face. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva e teste qui-quadrado com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: De 460 trabalhadores, a maioria foi: do gênero masculino (97,39%), casado (54,13%), nível de escolaridade com ensino médio completo (25,87%), não fumante (82,17%), fizeram uso de medicamento para o alívio de problemas na cavidade oral (31,09%), sofreram acidentes de face ou boca (41,30%). O exame clínico identificou os problemas que envolvem os trabalhadores: 92,17% não sentem dor na articulação têmporo-mandibular (ATM), não reclamam de barulho (97,17%) e não sentem estalos (82,17%); quanto à utilização de próteses constatou-se que não usam nem necessitam (71,74%); quanto ao índice periodontal, acidente de face ou boca e uso de medicamento, foi maior nos trabalhadores de outras ocupações que não trabalham como caldeireiro, soldador e ajudante (p0,05). Conclusão: A saúde bucal dos trabalhadores da indústria avaliada pode ser melhorada e o presente estudo poderá contribuir com a perspectiva de estruturação de programas de saúde bucal, para que melhores níveis sejam alcançados, melhorando a qualidade de vida e melhor inclusão social da população em estudo, colaborando com a produtividade da indústria

Pediatric tuberculosis in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro

Aim: To evaluate the clinical characteristics, diagnostic approach, and treatment outcomes of tuberculosis (TB) in children living in a high-burden metropolitan area. Methods: This was a retrospective study, based on a medical chart review, involving children under 15 years old treated for TB between 2007 and 2016, in four primary health units (PHU) and three reference centers (RC) in five cities of Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area. Factors associated with TB treatment setting, microbiological diagnosis, and treatment outcomes were evaluated. Results: A total of 544 children were enrolled; 71% were treated in PHU, 36% were under 5 years old, and 72% had pulmonary TB (PTB). The HIV prevalence was 10% (31/322). Fifty-three percent had at least one microbiological test for TB, 68% of them (196/287) had TB confirmed. Among 222 children with previous TB contact, information on LTBI was available for 78 (35%), and only 17% (13/78) were treated. Extrapulmonary TB (56% vs 32%), microbiologically confirmed TB (77% vs 60%), and HIV positivity (18.5% vs 4.0%) were significantly more frequent in RC. Treatment in RC (odds ratio (OR) 3.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.74–5.44) and PTB (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.34–4.56) were independently associated with a microbiological diagnosis of TB. The treatment success rate was 85%. In the logistic regression analysis, HIV-infected children had a 2.5-fold higher risk of an unfavorable outcome (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.0–6.38; p = 0.05). Conclusions: Opportunities for TB prevention and early TB treatment are missed due to suboptimal close contact screening. Microbiological diagnosis of TB and drug susceptibility testing in children should be made available through more sensitive and accessible tests

Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children and adolescents: comparison of two versions of the Brazilian Ministry of Health scoring system

The aim of this study was to evaluate the concordance between two versions of the scoring system (2011 and 2019), recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in children and adolescents. A retrospective descriptive study was performed to assess the medical records of children and adolescents with PTB, in TB units from Brazilian cities located in Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and Parana States, from January 1st, 2004, to December 1st, 2018. Patients aged 0 to 18 years old with a diagnosis of PTB were included. The comparison between the two scoring systems showed a moderate concordance according to the κ coefficient value = 0.625. Fourteen patients showed a reduction in the TB score, going from 30 points in the 2011, to 25 points or less in the 2019 one. Seventy one percent of these 14 patients had radiological changes suggestive of PTB and 86% had tuberculin skin tests greater than 10 mm. The study concluded that a moderate agreement was observed between the 2011 and 2019 scoring systems, with an increase in the number of patients scoring 25 points or less in 2019, which can eventually hinder the diagnosis of PTB

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016