Organic farmers’ reality to manage functional agrobiodiversity in European organic apple orchards

According to its principles and standards, organic farming particularly rely on natural processes and functional agro-biodiversity (FAB) to benefit from essential ecosystem services. However, these processes are mostly complex, hardly visible and site-specific, thereby making it difficult to assess and manage on-farm. A European survey has been carried out among organic farmers and emphasizes the variability among countries with a diversity of techniques targeting different functional groups according to farming contexts and farmers’ expectations. The different criteria used by farmers to evaluate FABtechniques efficiency and implementation potential clearly illustrate the difficulty to assess the agroecosystem as a whole

Organic farmers’ reality to manage functional agrobiodiversity in European organic apple orchards.

According to its principles and standards, organic farming particularly rely on natural processes and functional agro-biodiversity (FAB) to benefit from essential ecosystem services. However, these processes are mostly complex, hardly visible and site-specific, thereby making it difficult to assess and manage on-farm. A European survey has been carried out among organic farmers and emphasizes the variability among countries with a diversity of techniques targeting different functional groups according to farming contexts and farmers’ expectations. The different criteria used by farmers to evaluate FAB techniques efficiency and implementation potential clearly illustrate the difficulty to assess the agroecosystem as a whole

An original phylogenetic approach identified mitochondrial haplogroup T1a1 as inversely associated with breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers

Introduction: Individuals carrying pathogenic mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a high lifetime risk of breast cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are involved in DNA double-strand break repair, DNA alterations that can be caused by exposure to reactive oxygen species, a main source of which are mitochondria. Mitochondrial genome variations affect electron transport chain efficiency and reactive oxygen species production. Individuals with different mitochondrial haplogroups differ in their metabolism and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Variability in mitochondrial genetic background can alter reactive oxygen species production, leading to cancer risk. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial haplogroups modify breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Methods: We genotyped 22,214 (11,421 affected, 10,793 unaffected) mutation carriers belonging to the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 for 129 mitochondrial polymorphisms using the iCOGS array. Haplogroup inference and association detection were performed using a phylogenetic approach. ALTree was applied to explore the reference mitochondrial evolutionary tree and detect subclades enriched in affected or unaffected individuals. Results: We discovered that subclade T1a1 was depleted in affected BRCA2 mutation carriers compared with the rest of clade T (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34 to 0.88; P = 0.01). Compared with the most frequent haplogroup in the general population (that is, H and T clades), the T1a1 haplogroup has a HR of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.95; P = 0.03). We also identified three potential susceptibility loci, including G13708A/rs28359178, which has demonstrated an inverse association with familial breast cancer risk. Conclusions: This study illustrates how original approaches such as the phylogeny-based method we used can empower classical molecular epidemiological studies aimed at identifying association or risk modification effects.Peer reviewe

Identification of 12 new susceptibility loci for different histotypes of epithelial ovarian cancer.

To identify common alleles associated with different histotypes of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), we pooled data from multiple genome-wide genotyping projects totaling 25,509 EOC cases and 40,941 controls. We identified nine new susceptibility loci for different EOC histotypes: six for serous EOC histotypes (3q28, 4q32.3, 8q21.11, 10q24.33, 18q11.2 and 22q12.1), two for mucinous EOC (3q22.3 and 9q31.1) and one for endometrioid EOC (5q12.3). We then performed meta-analysis on the results for high-grade serous ovarian cancer with the results from analysis of 31,448 BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, including 3,887 mutation carriers with EOC. This identified three additional susceptibility loci at 2q13, 8q24.1 and 12q24.31. Integrated analyses of genes and regulatory biofeatures at each locus predicted candidate susceptibility genes, including OBFC1, a new candidate susceptibility gene for low-grade and borderline serous EOC

Sex Determination:Why So Many Ways of Doing It?

Sexual reproduction is an ancient feature of life on earth, and the familiar X and Y chromosomes in humans and other model species have led to the impression that sex determination mechanisms are old and conserved. In fact, males and females are determined by diverse mechanisms that evolve rapidly in many taxa. Yet this diversity in primary sex-determining signals is coupled with conserved molecular pathways that trigger male or female development. Conflicting selection on different parts of the genome and on the two sexes may drive many of these transitions, but few systems with rapid turnover of sex determination mechanisms have been rigorously studied. Here we survey our current understanding of how and why sex determination evolves in animals and plants and identify important gaps in our knowledge that present exciting research opportunities to characterize the evolutionary forces and molecular pathways underlying the evolution of sex determination

Untersuchungen zur Plasmapheresetherapie bei Patienten mit thrombotisch thrombozytopenischer Purpura

Die thrombotische thrombozytopenische Purpura (TTP) ist charakterisiert durch eine Triade aus Thrombozytopenie, hämolytischer Anämie und Mikrothromben. Ursächlich für diese Mikroangiopathie ist ein Mangel der Von Willebrand Faktor (VWF)-spaltenden Protease, ADAMTS13, der durch Autoantikörper oder eine genetische Mutation bedingt sein kann. In der Folge treten hochmolekulare, prothrombotische VWF Multimere im Blut auf, die eine Plättchenadhäsion und -aggregation initiieren, die zu mikrovaskulären Thromben in den Arteriolen und Kapillaren zahlreicher Organe insbesondere im zentralen Nervensystem führt. rnMomentan ist der Goldstandard der Therapie dieser ansonsten tödlich verlaufenden Erkrankung, die Plasmapherese (PEX). Hierfür stehen mit Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) und solvent/detergent (s/d) Plasma zwei Präparate zur Verfügung. Die Effizienz der Therapie bei der TTP konnte in den letzten Jahrzehnten im klinischen Alltag belegt werden, dennoch geht die intensive und invasive Therapie mit vielen Risiken und Nebenwirkungen für die Patienten einher, die in dieser Arbeit herausgearbeitet werden sollten. rnIn einer deutschlandweiten Patientenstudie wurde retrospektiv, mittels Fragebögen, ein Nebenwirkungsprofil der Plasmapherese erstellt, sowie mögliche Prädispositionen für die TTP untersucht. Zudem wurden mögliche Auslöser für das Auftreten einer klinisch manifesten TTP analysiert. Die Auswertung zeigte, dass Parästhesien (64,4 %) und Schüttelfrost (61,2 %) als häufigste Nebenwirkungen der PEX bei den Patienten auftraten. Weitere Symptome waren vermehrte Kopfschmerzen (50,6 %) und Tachykardien (36,8 %). Nebenwirkungen wie schwerer Kollaps (9 %) traten selten auf. Patienten mit Allergien in der Anamnese reagierten nicht empfindlicher auf die PEX, als andere. Ein Unterschied in der Häufigkeit der Nebenwirkungen hinsichtlich der verschiedenen Plasmapräparate konnte nicht gezeigt werden, relativiert wird dies durch den sehr geringen Einsatz von Octaplas® bei der untersuchten Patientenkohorte.rnEs konnte eine deutliche Verbindung zwischen dem Auftreten der TTP und anderen Autoimmunerkrankungen gezeigt werden. Von insgesamt 87 Patienten leiden 20,8 % an einer weiteren Autoimmunerkrankung. Insbesondere die Hashimoto Thyreoiditis liegt bei den Befragten als häufige Begleiterkrankung vor. Die genetische Prädisposition hat sich in den vergangen Jahren als ein primärer Risikofaktor für die TTP herausgestellt.rnAls mögliche Trigger eines TTP Schubes konnten Infektionen (38,7 %), Medikamente (u.a. Kontrazeptiva, Chinolone, Clarithromycin) (24,3 %), und Schwangerschaft (5,4 %) ausgemacht werden.rnEin weiterer Untersuchungspunkt der Dissertation war die Beurteilung der ADAMTS13-Aktivität in den Plasmapräparaten. Hierfür wurden drei verschieden Methoden, zwei auf Fluoreszenz Resonanz Energie Transfer beruhende Assays und eine turbidimetrische Messung, verwendet. In allen Methoden konnte eine physiologische ADAMTS13-Aktivität, 646 ng/ml für FFP und 634 ng/ml für Octaplas®, gemessen werden, die sich für beide Präparate nicht signifikant unterschied. Auffällig waren jedoch die höheren Schwankungen der Aktivität bei den verschiedenen Chargen bei FFP gegenüber Octaplas®. rnAufgrund des Herstellungsverfahrens bietet Octaplas® einen sichereren Schutz vor Virusübertragungen und dem Auftreten von TRALI als FFP. Jedoch kann es aufgrund der niedrigen Konzentration an Protein S prothrombotisch wirken. FFP enthält dagegen einen höheren Gehalt an Gerinnungsfaktoren. rnAbschließend ist festzuhalten, dass beide Präparate für die Therapie der TTP geeignet sind. Welches Präparat gewählt wird, sollte individuell für den zu behandelnden Patienten entschieden werden. Bei TTP-Patienten, die in der Vergangenheit bereits sensibel auf FFP reagierten, bietet sich eine Therapie mit Octaplas® an. Die schnelle Bereitstellung einer adäquaten Therapie spielt bei der thrombotisch thrombozytopenischen Purpura die entscheidende Rolle

Something in the air but not on the label: a call for increased regulatory ingredient disclosure for fragranced consumer products

[Extract] Between time devoted to the workplace and the home, Australians spend more than 90 per cent of their time indoors. Various legal instruments exist for the purpose of regulating the air we breathe when outdoors. However, the majority of exposure to hazardous air pollutants occurs indoors – and a main source of exposure is through common, fragranced consumer products such as cleaning products, laundry supplies, air fresheners, cosmetics, and personal care products. Fragranced products such as these are ubiquitous on supermarket shelves and in homes. However, recent research indicates that one-third of Australians report experiencing adverse effects such as respiratory problems, asthma attacks, migraine headaches and dermatological problems as a result of exposure to fragranced consumer products. These effects can be severe, resulting in significant losses in productivity as a result of adverse health effects. This is particularly concerning given that an estimated 98.5 percent of the Australian population is exposed to fragranced consumer products on at least a weekly basis, either through their own use, others’ use or both. Indeed, evidence suggests that more than two-thirds of Australians are unaware that fragranced products can emit hazardous air pollutants. Though some consumers might seek to ensure the safety of the products they buy by looking for fragranced products labelled as ‘natural’ or ‘organic’, research shows that emissions from these products pose similar health risks

Development of a Multilingual Web-Based Food Frequency Questionnaire for Adults in Switzerland

Dietary assessment is a major challenge in epidemiological research and is associated with a high time and financial burden. Automated food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) have the potential to rapidly collect dietary intake data in large studies while reducing human error risk during data processing. We developed a semiquantitative, multilingual, electronic FFQ for real-time dietary intake assessment in the Swiss adult population, called "Swiss eFFQ". The iterative development process involved stages of content identification, construction, pretesting, translation, and adaptation of the FFQ. Using 24 h dietary recalls from 2085 participants aged 18-75 years from a nationally representative survey, we conducted a stepwise regression analysis to identify foods contributing to >90% of the variance in intakes of energy and six nutrients. All 118 foods identified in the overall cohort or in any of the Swiss linguistic regions were selected and standardized to define the comprehensive 83-item food list, covering >90% of the intake of key nutrients in the entire study population. Once validated, the Swiss eFFQ can be used to classify individuals based on their habitual diets. The methodology described in this paper enhances the transparency of the Swiss eFFQ and may help researchers to develop multilingual dietary assessment tools for other populations

Integrating Community Values into Scientific Models

Proceedings of the 1999 Georgia Water Resources Conference, March 30 and 31, Athens, Georgia.In this project, we develop a novel methodology for integrating stakeholder knowledge and preferences with a set of constituent hypotheses regarding basic biological, hydrological, and chemical ecosystem processes. Our approach, an extension of regionalized sensitivity analysis (RSA) - a method to determine the sensitivity of model parameters within a bounded rangelinks qualitative community values with quantitative scientific models. The result will be a general prototype mechanism for integrated assessment, which can inform policy recommendations for improving water quality in the case study, Lake Sidney Lanier.Sponsored and Organized by: U.S. Geological Survey, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of TechnologyThis book was published by the Institute of Ecology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2202 with partial funding provided by the U.S. Department of Interior, geological Survey, through the Georgia Water Research Insttitute as authorized by the Water Research Institutes Authorization Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-397). The views and statements advanced in this publication are solely those of the authors and do not represent official views or policies of the University of Georgia or the U.S. Geological Survey or the conference sponsors

Designing Management Strategies that Integrate Stakeholder Beliefs and Scientific Models: A Case Study of Lake Lanier

Proceedings of the 1999 Georgia Water Resources Conference, March 30 and 31, Athens, Georgia.This work focuses on the role of stakeholder involvement in water resources decision making. It builds upon a methodology developed for integrating stakeholder beliefs and preferences with scientific modeling of lake ecosystem processes, and is part of a larger study involving the application of integrated assessment models to water resource management. We identify four different management practices - means, ends, scenarios, and targeted scenarios -- and examine their strengths and weaknesses. This element of the project studies types of lake management at Lake Sidney Lanier. It also explores the benefits of stakeholder involvement in management of an impounded water source facing rapid development pressures. Inclusion of local community values into this modeling framework allows for a more place-based approach in the decision-making process.Sponsored and Organized by: U.S. Geological Survey, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of TechnologyThis book was published by the Institute of Ecology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2202 with partial funding provided by the U.S. Department of Interior, geological Survey, through the Georgia Water Research Insttitute as authorized by the Water Research Institutes Authorization Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-397). The views and statements advanced in this publication are solely those of the authors and do not represent official views or policies of the University of Georgia or the U.S. Geological Survey or the conference sponsors