Paleobiogeografía de Abies spp.y Cedrus atlantica en el Mediterráneo occidental (Península Ibérica y Marruecos)

RESUMEN: Las especies mediterráneas incluidas en el género Abies, y Cedrus atlantica presentan en la actualidad unas áreas de distribución muy limitadas.En este trabajo, se describen el origen y las rutas migratorias seguidas por Abies pinsapo, A. marocana, A. tazaotana y Cedrus atlantica, desde los inicios del Terciario hasta la actualidad, así como las posibles causas que han llevado a sus poblaciones a su estado actual de aislamiento y peligro de extinción. Abies y Cedrus habrían alcanzado el Mediterráneo Occidental junto con otros elementos de la flora arctoterciaria entre el Eoceno Medio (45 Ma) y el Oligoceno (30 Ma). Posteriormente, experimentaron procesos de especiación hasta fechas relativamente recientes, en los que la apertura del estrecho de Gibraltar (5.33 Ma) habría jugado un papel esencial. A lo largo de las glaciaciones-deglaciaciones del Cuaternario, abetos y cedros mediterráneos habrían permanecido en refugios montañosos del sur de la península ibérica y del norte de África. A pesar de presentar cierta expansión y migración altitudinal coincidiendo con el óptimo térmico del Holoceno Medio, estas especies han sufrido un notable decliveposterior de sus poblaciones, como consecuencia del incremento de la aridez y del impacto de las actividades humanas. El desarrollo de las estrategias de conservación más adecuadas requiere una mejor información sobre la respuesta de estas especies a las distintas perturbaciones, para lo cual resulta indispensable conocer su evolución a lo largo del tiempo. El registro fósil, tanto de macrorrestos como de polen junto a diversos estudios genéticos contribuyen a evaluar su resiliencia y vulnerabilidad.ABSTRACT: The Mediterranean species included in the genus Abies, and Cedrus atlantica show very limited distribution ranges at present. In this work, we outline the origin and migratory routes followed by Abies pinsapo, A. marocana, A. tazaotana and Cedrus atlantica, from the beginning of the Tertiary to the present, as well as the likely causes which have led their populations to their current state of isolation and danger of extinction. Abies and Cedrus would have reached the Western Mediterranean along with other elements of the arctotertiary flora between the Middle Eocene (45 Ma) and the Oligocene (30 Ma). They subsequently underwent speciation processes until relatively recent times, among which the opening of the Strait of Gibraltar (5.33 Ma) would have played an essential role. Mediterranean firs and cedars would have stayed in Southeastern Iberian and North African mountainous refugia during Quaternary glaciations-deglaciations. Despite a noticeable expansion and altitudinal migration in the Mid-Holocene thermal optimum, these species have experienced a further remarkable decline, as a result of the increasing aridity and pressure of human activities. The development of the most appropriate conservation strategies requires the best information on the response of these species to diverse disturbances, thus the knowledge on their temporal evolution becomes essential. The fossil record, both macrorests and pollen, contributes, along with diverse genetic studies, to assessing their resilience and vulnerability

The Eurasian Modern Pollen Database (EMPD), version 2

The Eurasian (née European) Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) was established in 2013 to provide a public database of high-quality modern pollen surface samples to help support studies of past climate, land cover, and land use using fossil pollen. The EMPD is part of, and complementary to, the European Pollen Database (EPD) which contains data on fossil pollen found in Late Quaternary sedimentary archives throughout the Eurasian region. The EPD is in turn part of the rapidly growing Neotoma database, which is now the primary home for global palaeoecological data. This paper describes version 2 of the EMPD in which the number of samples held in the database has been increased by 60 % from 4826 to 8134. Much of the improvement in data coverage has come from northern Asia, and the database has consequently been renamed the Eurasian Modern Pollen Database to reflect this geographical enlargement. The EMPD can be viewed online using a dedicated map-based viewer at https://empd2.github.io and downloaded in a variety of file formats at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.909130 (Chevalier et al., 2019)Swiss National Science Foundation | Ref. 200021_16959

The Eurasian Modern Pollen Database (EMPD), version 2

The Eurasian (nee European) Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) was established in 2013 to provide a public database of high-quality modern pollen surface samples to help support studies of past climate, land cover, and land use using fossil pollen. The EMPD is part of, and complementary to, the European Pollen Database (EPD) which contains data on fossil pollen found in Late Quaternary sedimentary archives throughout the Eurasian region. The EPD is in turn part of the rapidly growing Neotoma database, which is now the primary home for global palaeoecological data. This paper describes version 2 of the EMPD in which the number of samples held in the database has been increased by 60% from 4826 to 8134. Much of the improvement in data coverage has come from northern Asia, and the database has consequently been renamed the Eurasian Modern Pollen Database to reflect this geographical enlargement. The EMPD can be viewed online using a dedicated map-based viewer at https://empd2.github.io and downloaded in a variety of file formats at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.909130 (Chevalier et al., 2019).Peer reviewe

The Eurasian Modern Pollen Database (EMPD), version 2

Abstract. The Eurasian (née European) Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) was established in 2013 to provide a public database of high-quality modern pollen surface samples to help support studies of past climate, land cover, and land use using fossil pollen. The EMPD is part of, and complementary to, the European Pollen Database (EPD) which contains data on fossil pollen found in Late Quaternary sedimentary archives throughout the Eurasian region. The EPD is in turn part of the rapidly growing Neotoma database, which is now the primary home for global palaeoecological data. This paper describes version 2 of the EMPD in which the number of samples held in the database has been increased by 60 % from 4826 to 8134. Much of the improvement in data coverage has come from northern Asia, and the database has consequently been renamed the Eurasian Modern Pollen Database to reflect this geographical enlargement. The EMPD can be viewed online using a dedicated map-based viewer at https://empd2.github.io and downloaded in a variety of file formats at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.909130 (Chevalier et al., 2019).</jats:p

Long-term vegetation history of a relict birch forest (Betula pubescenssubsp.celtiberica(Rothm.& Vasc.) Rivas Mart.) in the Toledo Mountains(central Iberia). Conservation implications

© 2023 Elsevier B.V..This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This document is the Accepted version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2023.10490

Long-term vegetation history of a relict birch forest (Betula pubescens subsp. celtiberica (Rothm. & Vasc.) Rivas Mart.) in the Toledo Mountains (central Iberia). Conservation implications

Understanding ecosystem resilience requires long data series provided by palaeoecological studies, the best tool for reconstructing vegetation dynamics. Here, we analyzed a continuous and well-dated record of pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs, macrocharcoal remains, loss-on-ignition and magnetic susceptibility from one of the most singular peatlands in the Toledo Mountains (central Spain), in order to delineate the anthropogenic and/or climate impact on the peatland and the ecosystem’s response. La Ventilla mire is an isolated site of birch woodland dominated by Betula pubescens subsp. celtiberica (Rothm. & Vasc.) Rivas Mart. This mire, acting as a refugium for this species, is located in Cabañeros National Park and is recognized as ‘Special Area of Conservation’ according to Habitats Directive of the Natura 2000 network. We describe major patterns and trends in the development of this palaeorefugium since the mid-Holocene (∼ 6145 cal BP) and provide historical context for some natural and/or human-induced dynamics. Around 1500 cal BP, the lotic depositional environment with slow moving backwaters developed into a minerotrophic mire. Until the Middle Ages, macroclimate and autogenic succession appear to have been the main drivers of both local and regional development of vegetation. Between 1500 and 500 cal BP, an abrupt decline in birch cover started, coincident with the Visigothic period. The pronounced peaks in the coprophilous fungi record ca. 1000 and 150 cal BP reflect extensive pastoral activities in the area. This study shows how palaeoecological knowledge helps to explain present patterns in the composition of a valuable protected site, which may be used in prioritizing conservation.The development of this work was supported by the projects i) REDISCO-HAR2017-88035-P (Plan Nacional I + D + I, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness); ii) PID2019-1049449GB-I00, funded by FEDER/Ministry of Science and Innovation – Agencia Estatal de Investigación, iii) Fundación Séneca (grant no. 20788/PI/18); iv) Proyecto LifeWatch ERIC-SUMHAL, LIFEWATCH-2019-09-CSIC-13. R. Luelmo-Lautenschlaeger is funded by a Formación del Profesorado Universitario (FPU) grant FPU16/00676 (Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports). C.M.-M. was supported by a ‘María Zambrano’ fellowship (Ministerio de Universidades/Universidad de Alcalá/European Union). We are grateful to Consejería de Medio Ambiente (Castilla-La Mancha Government) and Ángel Gómez Manzaneque (Cabañeros National Park) for providing sampling permissions and access to the study area.Peer reviewe