Performance of the CMS Cathode Strip Chambers with Cosmic Rays

The Cathode Strip Chambers (CSCs) constitute the primary muon tracking device in the CMS endcaps. Their performance has been evaluated using data taken during a cosmic ray run in fall 2008. Measured noise levels are low, with the number of noisy channels well below 1%. Coordinate resolution was measured for all types of chambers, and fall in the range 47 microns to 243 microns. The efficiencies for local charged track triggers, for hit and for segments reconstruction were measured, and are above 99%. The timing resolution per layer is approximately 5 ns

Graphenes in the absence of metals as carbocatalysts for selective acetylene hydrogenation and alkene hydrogenation

Catalysis makes possible a chemical reaction by increasing the transformation rate. Hydrogenation of carbon-carbon multiple bonds is one of the most important examples of catalytic reactions. Currently, this type of reaction is carried out in petrochemistry at very large scale, using noble metals such as platinum and palladium or first row transition metals such as nickel. Catalysis is dominated by metals and in many cases by precious ones. Here we report that graphene (a single layer of one-atom-thick carbon atoms) can replace metals for hydrogenation of carbon-carbon multiple bonds. Besides alkene hydrogenation, we have shown that graphenes also exhibit high selectivity for the hydrogenation of acetylene in the presence of a large excess of ethylene.This study was financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Severo Ochoa and CTQ2012-32315); and Generalidad Valenciana (Prometeo 21/013) is gratefully acknowledged.Primo Arnau, AM.; Neatu, F.; Florea, M.; Parvulescu, V.; García Gómez, H. (2014). Graphenes in the absence of metals as carbocatalysts for selective acetylene hydrogenation and alkene hydrogenation. Nature Communications. 5:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6291S195Dreyer, D. R. & Bielawski, C. W. Carbocatalysis: heterogeneous carbons finding utility in synthetic chemistry. Chem. Sci. 2, 1233–1240 (2011).Machado, B. F. & Serp, P. Graphene-based materials for catalysis. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2, 54–75 (2012).Schaetz, A., Zeltner, M. & Stark, W. J. Carbon modifications and surfaces for catalytic organic transformations. ACS Catal. 2, 1267–1284 (2012).Su, D. S. et al. Metal-free heterogeneous catalysis for sustainable chemistry. ChemSusChem 3, 169–180 (2010).Chauhan, S. M. S. & Mishra, S. Use of graphite oxide and graphene oxide as catalysts in the synthesis of dipyrromethane and calix[4]pyrrole. Molecules 16, 7256–7266 (2011).Dreyer, D. R., Jarvis, K. A., Ferreira, P. J. & Bielawski, C. W. Graphite oxide as a carbocatalyst for the preparation of fullerene-reinforced polyester and polyamide nanocomposites. Polym. Chem. 3, 757–766 (2012).Dreyer, D. R., Park, S., Bielawski, C. W. & Ruoff, R. S. The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 228–240 (2010).Pyun, J. Graphene oxide as catalyst: application of carbon materials beyond nanotechnology. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 46–48 (2011).Rourke, J. P. et al. The real graphene oxide revealed: stripping the oxidative debris from the graphene-like sheets. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 3173–3177 (2011).Sun, H. et al. Reduced graphene oxide for catalytic oxidation of aqueous organic pollutants. ACS Appl. Mater. Interf. 4, 5466–5471 (2012).Dreyer, D. R., Jia, H. P. & Bielawski, C. W. Graphene oxide: a convenient carbocatalyst for facilitating oxidation and hydration reactions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 6813–6816 (2010).Dreyer, D. R., Jia, H. P., Todd, A. D., Geng, J. X. & Bielawski, C. W. Graphite oxide: a selective and highly efficient oxidant of thiols and sulfides. Org. Biomol. Chem. 9, 7292–7295 (2011).Hayashi, M. Oxidation using activated carbon and molecular oxygen system. Chem. Rec. 8, 252–267 (2008).Jia, H. P., Dreyer, D. R. & Bielawski, C. W. C-H oxidation using graphite oxide. Tetrahedron 67, 4431–4434 (2011).Kumar, A. V. & Rao, K. R. Recyclable graphite oxide catalyzed Friedel-Crafts addition of indoles to alpha, beta-unsaturated ketones. Tetrahedron Lett. 52, 5188–5191 (2011).Soria-Sanchez, M. et al. Carbon nanostructure materials as direct catalysts for phenol oxidation in aqueous phase. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 104, 101–109 (2011).Verma, S. et al. Graphene oxide: an efficient and reusable carbocatalyst for aza-Michael addition of amines to activated alkenes. Chem. Commun. 47, 12673–12675 (2011).Yu, H. et al. Solvent-free catalytic dehydrative etherification of benzyl alcohol over graphene oxide. Chem. Phys. Lett. 583, 146–150 (2013).Holschumacher, D., Bannenberg, T., Hrib, C. G., Jones, P. G. & Tamm, M. Heterolytic dihydrogen activation by a frustrated carbene-borane Lewis pair. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 7428–7432 (2008).Staubitz, A., Robertson, A. P. M., Sloan, M. E. & Manners, I. Amine- and phosphine-borane adducts: new interest in old molecules. Chem. Rev. 110, 4023–4078 (2010).Stephan, D. W. & Erker, G. Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Metal-free Hydrogen Activation and More. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 46–76 (2010).Poh, H. L., Sanek, F., Sofer, Z. & Pumera, M. High-pressure hydrogenation of graphene: towards graphane. Nanoscale 4, 7006–7011 (2012).Sofo, J. O., Chaudhari, A. S. & Barber, G. D. Graphane: A two-dimensional hydrocarbon. J. Phys. Chem. B 75, 153401 (2007).Elias, D. C. et al. Control of graphene’s properties by reversible hydrogenation: evidence for graphane. Science 323, 610–613 (2009).Despiau-Pujo, E. et al. Elementary processes of H2 plasma-graphene interaction: a combined molecular dynamics and density functional theory study. J. Appl. Phys. 113, 114302 (2013).Xu, L. & Ge, Q. Effects of defects and dopants in graphene on hydrogen interaction in graphene-supported NaAlH4. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38, 3670–3680 (2013).Perhun, T. I., Bychko, I. B., Trypolsky, A. I. & Strizhak, P. E. Catalytic properties of graphene material in the hydrogenation of ethylene. Theor. Exp. Chem. 48, 367–370 (2013).Hummers, W. S. & Offeman, R. E. Preparation of graphitic oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 1339 (1958).Dhakshinamoorthy, A., Primo, A., Concepcion, P., Alvaro, M. & Garcia, H. Doped graphene as a metal-free carbocatalyst for the selective aerobic oxidation of benzylic hydrocarbons, cyclooctane and styrene. Chem. Eur. J. 19, 7547–7554 (2013).Latorre-Sanchez, M., Primo, A. & Garcia, H. P-doped graphene obtained by pyrolysis of modified alginate as a photocatalyst for hydrogen generation from water-methanol mixtures. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52, 11813–11816 (2013).Primo, A., Sanchez, E., Delgado, J. M. & Garcia, H. High-yield production of N-doped graphitic platelets by aqueous exfoliation of pyrolyzed chitosan. Carbon N. Y. 68, 777–783 (2014).Stankovich, S. et al. Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. Carbon N. Y. 45, 1558–1565 (2007).Pumera, M. & Wong, C. H. A. Graphane and hydrogenated graphene. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 5987–5995 (2013).Teschner, D. et al. The roles of subsurface carbon and hydrogen in palladium-catalyzed alkyne hydrogenation. Science 320, 86–89 (2008).Bridier, B., Lopez, N. & Perez-Ramirez, J. Molecular understanding of alkyne hydrogenation for the design of selective catalysts. Dalton Trans. 39, 8412–8419 (2010).Flick, K., Herion, C. & Allmann, H. Palladium-haltiger Trägerkatalysator zur selektiven katalytischen Hydrierung von Acetylen in Kohlenwasserstoffströmen. EP764463-A; EP764463-A2; DE19535402-A1; JP9141097-A; CA2185721-A; KR97014834-A; MX9604031-A1; US5847250-A; US5856262-A; TW388722-A; MX195137-B; CN1151908-A; EP764463-B1; DE59610365-G; ES2197222-T3; KR418161-B; CN1081487-C; JP3939787-B2; CA2185721-C (1997).Gartside, R. J. et al. Improved olefin plant recovery system employing a combination of catalytic distillation and fixed bed catalytic steps. WO2005080530-A1; EP1711581-A1; BR200418414-A; MX2006008045-A1; JP2007518864-W; KR2007005565-A; CN1961059-A; IN200604063-P1; KR825662-B1; JP4376908-B2; CA2553962-C; IN251202-B; SG124072-A1; SG124072-B; CN1961059-B (2005).Wegerer, D. A., Bussche, K. V. & Vandenbussche, K. M. Selective Co oxidation for acetylene converter feed Co CONTROL. US2012294774-A1; US8431094-B2 (2102).Chernichenko, K. et al. A frustrated-Lewis-pair approach to catalytic reduction of alkynes to cis-alkenes. Nat. Chem. 5, 718–723 (2013).Vile, G., Bridier, B., Wichert, J. & Perez-Ramirez, J. Ceria in hydrogenation catalysis: high selectivity in the conversion of alkynes to olefins. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 8620–8623 (2012).Ambrosi, A. et al. Metallic impurities in graphenes prepared from graphite can dramatically influence their properties. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 500–503 (2012).Ambrosi, A. et al. Chemical reduced graphene contains inherent metallic impurities present in parent natural and synthetic graphite. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 12899–12904 (2012).Vile, G., Almora-Barrios, N., Mitchell, S., Lopez, N. & Perez-Ramirez, J. From the lindlar catalyst to supported ligand-modified palladium nanoparticles: selectivity patterns and accessibility constraints in the continuous-flow three-phase hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds. Chemistry 20, 5849–5849 (2014).Gurrath, M. et al. Palladium catalysts on activated carbon supports—Influence of reduction temperature, origin of the support and pretreatments of the carbon surface. Carbon N. Y. 38, 1241–1255 (2000).Stephan, D. W. ‘Frustrated Lewis pairs’: a concept for new reactivity and catalysis. Org. Biomol. Chem. 6, 1535–1539 (2008).Stephan, D. W. Frustrated Lewis pairs: a new strategy to small molecule activation and hydrogenation catalysis. Dalton Trans. 17, 3129–3136 (2009).Chase, P. A., Jurca, T. & Stephan, D. W. Lewis acid-catalyzed hydrogenation: B(C6F5)3-mediated reduction of imines and nitriles with H2. Chem. Commun. 14, 1701–1703 (2008).Hounjet, L. J. & Stephan, D. W. Hydrogenation by frustrated Lewis pairs: main group alternatives to transition metal catalysts? Org. Process Res. Dev. 18, 385–391 (2014).Spies, P. et al. Metal-free catalytic hydrogenation of enamines, imines, and conjugated phosphinoalkenylboranes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 7543–7546 (2008).Greb, L. et al. Metal-free catalytic olefin hydrogenation: low-temperature H2 activation by frustrated Lewis pairs. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 10164–10168 (2012)

CMS Data Processing Workflows during an Extended Cosmic Ray Run

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Aligning the CMS Muon Chambers with the Muon Alignment System during an Extended Cosmic Ray Run

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Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Background: Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. // Methods: We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung's disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. // Findings: We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung's disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middle-income countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in low-income countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. // Interpretation: Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Alignment of the CMS muon system with cosmic-ray and beam-halo muons

This is the Pre-print version of the Article. The official published version of the Paper can be accessed from the link below - Copyright @ 2010 IOPThe CMS muon system has been aligned using cosmic-ray muons collected in 2008 and beam-halo muons from the 2008 LHC circulating beam tests. After alignment, the resolution of the most sensitive coordinate is 80 microns for the relative positions of superlayers in the same barrel chamber and 270 microns for the relative positions of endcap chambers in the same ring structure. The resolution on the position of the central barrel chambers relative to the tracker is comprised between two extreme estimates, 200 and 700 microns, provided by two complementary studies. With minor modifications, the alignment procedures can be applied using muons from LHC collisions, leading to additional significant improvements.This work is supported by FMSR (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); Academy of Sciences and NICPB (Estonia); Academy of Finland, ME, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NKTH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF (Korea); LAS (Lithuania); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); PAEC (Pakistan); SCSR (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR(Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan); MST and MAE (Russia); MSTDS (Serbia); MICINN and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSC (Taipei); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA)

Alignment of the CMS muon system with cosmic-ray and beam-halo muons

This is the Pre-print version of the Article. The official published version of the Paper can be accessed from the link below - Copyright @ 2010 IOPThe CMS muon system has been aligned using cosmic-ray muons collected in 2008 and beam-halo muons from the 2008 LHC circulating beam tests. After alignment, the resolution of the most sensitive coordinate is 80 microns for the relative positions of superlayers in the same barrel chamber and 270 microns for the relative positions of endcap chambers in the same ring structure. The resolution on the position of the central barrel chambers relative to the tracker is comprised between two extreme estimates, 200 and 700 microns, provided by two complementary studies. With minor modifications, the alignment procedures can be applied using muons from LHC collisions, leading to additional significant improvements.This work is supported by FMSR (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); Academy of Sciences and NICPB (Estonia); Academy of Finland, ME, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NKTH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF (Korea); LAS (Lithuania); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); PAEC (Pakistan); SCSR (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR(Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan); MST and MAE (Russia); MSTDS (Serbia); MICINN and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSC (Taipei); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA)

Commissioning of the CMS high-level trigger with cosmic rays

This is the Pre-print version of the Article. The official published version of the paper can be accessed from the link below - Copyright @ 2010 IOPThe CMS High-Level Trigger (HLT) is responsible for ensuring that data samples with potentially interesting events are recorded with high efficiency and good quality. This paper gives an overview of the HLT and focuses on its commissioning using cosmic rays. The selection of triggers that were deployed is presented and the online grouping of triggered events into streams and primary datasets is discussed. Tools for online and offline data quality monitoring for the HLT are described, and the operational performance of the muon HLT algorithms is reviewed. The average time taken for the HLT selection and its dependence on detector and operating conditions are presented. The HLT performed reliably and helped provide a large dataset. This dataset has proven to be invaluable for understanding the performance of the trigger and the CMS experiment as a whole.This work is supported by FMSR (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); Academy of Sciences and NICPB (Estonia); Academy of Finland, ME, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NKTH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF (Korea); LAS (Lithuania); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); PAEC (Pakistan); SCSR (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan); MST and MAE (Russia); MSTDS (Serbia); MICINN and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSC (Taipei); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA)

Mindful Living in Older Age: a Pilot Study of a Brief, Community-Based, Positive Aging Intervention

Although mindfulness-based interventions have been successfully used with older adults, there have been few interventions that, (a) are created specifically for older adults, (b) are delivered in the community, and (c) aim to promote ‘successful aging’ (rather than just treating dysfunction/disorder). To this end, the current study piloted a brief ‘positive aging’ intervention, comprising two 150 minute sessions, with six female older adults living in the community. Data were gathered through focus groups that were interwoven throughout the intervention. Using thematic analysis, four main themes were identified: (a) aging as a mixed blessing; (b) understanding mindfulness; (c) the challenges of mindfulness; and (d) the benefits of mindfulness. Overall, the intervention was successful in introducing participants to mindfulness and potentially forming the basis of a longer term practice. However, the study also highlighted important points on the challenges of practising mindfulness, in relation to which the paper makes recommendations pertaining to the teaching of mindfulness with older adults

Identification and Filtering of Uncharacteristic Noise in the CMS Hadron Calorimeter

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