Antifungalna aktivnost ekstrakata makrogljiva na fitopatogene sojeve gljiva rodova Fusarium sp. i Alternaria sp.

During the last decades, intensive application of synthetic fungicides in the agricultural crop protection practice caused growing concern for the existence of toxic chemical residues in food as well as in the whole environment. Instead of using synthetic fungicides, it is suggested that crop protection be carried out by using preparations based on compounds of natural origin (secondary metabolites of plants or microorganisms, including macrofungi from Basidiomycota) as biological control agents. The potential of macrofungal species as biocontrol agents was analyzed in this investigation of eight autochthonous species from different locations in Serbia. Both the terricolous species: Coprinus comatus, Coprinellus truncorum, Amanita strobiliformis, Hydnum repandum and the lignicolous species: Flammulina velutipes, Stereum subtomentosum, Trametes versicolor and Bjerkandera adusta were examined, with an aim to detect some novel sources of antifungal agents. This study surveyed antifungal activity of selected macrofungal extracts (MeOH, EtOH and CHCl3) against phytopathogenic Fusarium and Alternaria strains isolated from garlic, soybean and rice: F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, F. graminearum and A. padwickii. Microdilution method in 96 well micro-plates was applied for the estimation of antifungal effects of macrofungi extracts in the range from 24.75 to 198.00 mg/ml and determination of minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC). EtOH extract of mychorhizal species H. repandum showed antifungal activity against all analyzed phytopathogenic strains, with the strongest effect on Fusarium strains (MIC 24.75 mg/ml; MFC 24.75 mg/ml). Among others, MeOH extracts of S. subtomentosum and C. micaceus showed similar effects while only B. adusta showed slight effect on Fusarium strains (MIC 24.75-99.00 mg/ml; MFC 24.75-99.00 mg/ml) and none effect on A. padwickii. The obtained results indicate the possibility of using examined extracts as efficient antifungal agents and provide the basis for the new formulations of biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic fungi in the future.Tokom poslednjih decenija intezivna primena sintetičkih fungicida u zaštiti poljoprivrednih useva izaziva sve veću zabrinutost ljudi zbog prisustva toksičnih hemijskih ostataka u prehrambenim proizvodima kao i celoj okolini. Umesto korišćenja sintetičkih fungicida, preporučuje se da se zaštita useva vrši korišćenjem preparata na bazi jedinjenja prirodnog porekla (sekundarni metaboliti biljaka ili mikroorganizama uključujući i makrogljive iz razdela Basidiomycota) kao agense biološke kontrole. U ovom radu istraživan je potencijal agenasa biološke kontrole za osam autohtonih vrsta makrogljiva s različitih lokaliteta u Srbiji. Obe, terikolne vrste: Coprinus comatus, Coprinellus truncorum, Amanita strobiliformis, Hydnum repandum i lignikolne vrste: Flammulina velutipes, Stereum subtomentosum, Trametes versicolor i Bjerkandera adusta su istražene s ciljem da se otkriju neki novi izvori antifungalnih agenasa. U okviru ovog rada istražena je antifungalna aktivnost odabranih ekstrakata makrogljiva (metanolni, etanolni i hloroformski) protiv fitopatogenih sojeva Fusarium i Alternaria izolovanih s belog luka, soje i pirinča: F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, F. graminearum i A. padwickii. Za procenu antifungalnog efekta ekstrakata makrogljiva upotrebljena je mikrodiluciona metoda mikrotitar pločama s 96 velova u opsegu koncentracija od 24,75 do 198,00 mg/ml i determinaciju minimalne inhibitorne (MIC) i minimalne fungicidne koncentracije (MFC). Etanolni ekstrakt mikorizne vrste H. repandum pokazao je atifungalnu aktivnost prema svim analiziranim fitopatogenim sojevima, sa najjačim efektom prema sojevima Fusarium (MIC 24,75 mg/ml; MFC 24,75 mg/ml). Između ostalog, sličan efekat pokazali su i metanolni ekstrakti S. subtomentosum i C. micaceus, dok je samo B. adusta imala blagi efekat na sojeve Fusarium (MIC 24,75-99,00 mg/ml; MFC 24,75-99,00 mg/ml), ali ne i na A. padwickii. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na mogućnost korišćenja ispitanih ekstrakata kao veoma efikasnih antifungalnih agenasa i samim tim oni predstavljaju osnovu za nove formulacije biokontrolnih agenasa protiv fitopatogenih gljiva u budućnosti

Characterization of Roman mortar from the Mediana archeological site

Ovaj rad prikazuje istraživanje rimske žbuke rabljene za konstrukciju poda u objektima koji su imali sustav podnog grijanja – hipokaust, u rezidencijalnim vilama s peristelom (Naisus, Srbija). Ispitano je i analizirano ukupno sedam uzoraka žbuke s različitih lokacija vile s ciljem dobivanja informacija o njezinim morfološkim, mineraloškim, kemijskim i osnovnim fizikalnim karakteristikama. Za utvrđivanje ovih svojstava rabljena je: optička mikroskopija, skenirajući elektronski mikroskop (SEM), s EDS analizom, difrakcijska analiza s X-zrakama (XRD). Žbuka ima prilično ujednačene karakteristike preko cijele površine poda hipokausta. Žbuka dominantno čini karbonatno vezivo i agregat veličine zrna od 0,05 do 2 mm s rijetkom pojavom zrna dimenzija 10 mm. Kao agregat za žbuku rabljeni su dijelovi žbuke, zrna krečnjaka, kvarc, metamorfiti i vulkaniti. Uporaba drobljene opeke i prisustvo reakcijskog ruba, potvrđuje njezinu funkciju hidrauličnog vezivanja. Slaba veza između zrna agregata i krečnjačkog veziva omogućava transport vode kroz formiranu tranzitnu zonu.This paper presents the study of the Roman mortar used for construction of floors in the buildings which possessed floor heating system – hypocaust, in the residential villa with the peristyle (Naisus, Serbia). A total of seven samples of mortar from different locations of the villa were examined and analyzed for information about its morphological, mineralogical, chemical and basic physical properties. In order to determine these properties were used: optical microscopy, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDS analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The mortar is dominantly made of carbonate binder and the aggregate of grain size 0,05 to 2 mm with a rare occurrence of 10 mm grains. Fragments of mortar, grains of limestone, quartz, metarmorphite and vulcanite were used for the mortar aggregate. Usage of crushed brick and reaction rim confirms its function of hydraulic binder. The weak bonds between the aggregate grains and limestone binder facilitate transport of water through the formed transit zones

European Union enlargement, post-accession migration and imaginative geographies of the ‘New Europe’: media discourses in Romania and the United Kingdom.

This paper is concerned with re-imaginings of ‘Europe’ following the accession to the European Union (EU) of former ‘Eastern European’ countries. In particular it explores media representations of post-EU accession migration from Romania to the United Kingdom in the UK and Romanian newspaper press. Todorova’s (1997) notion of Balkanism is deployed as a theoretical construct to facilitate the analysis of these representations as first, the continuation of long-standing and deeply embedded imaginings of the ‘East’ of Europe and, second, as a means of contesting these discourses. The paper explores the way in which the UK press construct Balkanist discourses about Romania and Romanian migrants, and then analyses how the Romanian press has contested such discourses. The paper argues that the idea of the ‘East’ remains important in constructing notions of ‘Europe’ within popular media geographies

Characterization of Roman mortar from the Mediana archeological site

Ovaj rad prikazuje istraživanje rimske žbuke rabljene za konstrukciju poda u objektima koji su imali sustav podnog grijanja – hipokaust, u rezidencijalnim vilama s peristelom (Naisus, Srbija). Ispitano je i analizirano ukupno sedam uzoraka žbuke s različitih lokacija vile s ciljem dobivanja informacija o njezinim morfološkim, mineraloškim, kemijskim i osnovnim fizikalnim karakteristikama. Za utvrđivanje ovih svojstava rabljena je: optička mikroskopija, skenirajući elektronski mikroskop (SEM), s EDS analizom, difrakcijska analiza s X-zrakama (XRD). Žbuka ima prilično ujednačene karakteristike preko cijele površine poda hipokausta. Žbuka dominantno čini karbonatno vezivo i agregat veličine zrna od 0,05 do 2 mm s rijetkom pojavom zrna dimenzija 10 mm. Kao agregat za žbuku rabljeni su dijelovi žbuke, zrna krečnjaka, kvarc, metamorfiti i vulkaniti. Uporaba drobljene opeke i prisustvo reakcijskog ruba, potvrđuje njezinu funkciju hidrauličnog vezivanja. Slaba veza između zrna agregata i krečnjačkog veziva omogućava transport vode kroz formiranu tranzitnu zonu.This paper presents the study of the Roman mortar used for construction of floors in the buildings which possessed floor heating system – hypocaust, in the residential villa with the peristyle (Naisus, Serbia). A total of seven samples of mortar from different locations of the villa were examined and analyzed for information about its morphological, mineralogical, chemical and basic physical properties. In order to determine these properties were used: optical microscopy, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDS analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The mortar is dominantly made of carbonate binder and the aggregate of grain size 0,05 to 2 mm with a rare occurrence of 10 mm grains. Fragments of mortar, grains of limestone, quartz, metarmorphite and vulcanite were used for the mortar aggregate. Usage of crushed brick and reaction rim confirms its function of hydraulic binder. The weak bonds between the aggregate grains and limestone binder facilitate transport of water through the formed transit zones

Large contribution to secondary organic aerosol from isoprene cloud chemistry

Aerosols still present the largest uncertainty in estimating anthropogenic radiative forcing. Cloud processing is potentially important for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, a major aerosol component: however, laboratory experiments fail to mimic this process under atmospherically relevant conditions. We developed a wetted-wall flow reactor to simulate aqueous-phase processing of isoprene oxidation products (iOP) in cloud droplets. We find that 50 to 70% (in moles) of iOP partition into the aqueous cloud phase, where they rapidly react with OH radicals, producing SOA with a molar yield of 0.45 after cloud droplet evaporation. Integrating our experimental results into a global model, we show that clouds effectively boost the amount of SOA. We conclude that, on a global scale, cloud processing of iOP produces 6.9 Tg of SOA per year or approximately 20% of the total biogenic SOA burden and is the main source of SOA in the mid-troposphere (4 to 6 km)

Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Model Compounds: Novel Approaches and Lessons Learnt from Traditional Hydrodeoxygenation – a Review

Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is a fundamental process for bio‐resources upgrading to produce transportation fuels or added value chemicals. The bottleneck of this technology to be implemented at commercial scale is its dependence on high pressure hydrogen, an expensive resource which utilization also poses safety concerns. In this scenario, the development of hydrogen‐free alternatives to facilitate oxygen removal in biomass derived compounds is a major challenge for catalysis science but at the same time it could revolutionize biomass processing technologies. In this review we have analysed several novel approaches, including catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH), combined reforming and hydrodeoxygenation, metal hydrolysis and subsequent hydrodeoxygenation along with non‐thermal plasma (NTP) to avoid the supply of external H2. The knowledge accumulated from traditional HDO sets the grounds for catalysts and processes development among the hydrogen alternatives. In this sense, mechanistic aspects for HDO and the proposed alternatives are carefully analysed in this work. Biomass model compounds are selected aiming to provide an in‐depth description of the different processes and stablish solid correlations catalysts composition‐catalytic performance which can be further extrapolated to more complex biomass feedstocks. Moreover, the current challenges and research trends of novel hydrodeoxygenation strategies are also presented aiming to spark inspiration among the broad community of scientists working towards a low carbon society where bio‐resources will play a major role.Financial support for this work was provided by the Department of Chemical and Process Engineering of the University of Surrey and the EPSRC grants EP/J020184/2 and EP/R512904/1 as well as the Royal Society Research Grant RSGR1180353. Authors would also like to acknowledge the Ministerio de Economía, Industriay Competitividad of Spain (Project MAT2013‐45008‐P) and the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC). LPP also thanks Comunitat Valenciana for her postdoctoral fellow (APOSTD2017)

Tipološke i konstruktivne karakteristike lukova i svodova sakralnih objekata na tlu srednjovekovne Srbije

In this doctoral thesis, a number of researches of arches and vaults of Orthodox churches in the medieval Serbia has been conducted in order to comprehensively determine the historical factors that have influenced the course of development of arch and vault structures, define the specific proportions and their implementation in construction of arches and vaults, analyze the structural characteristics and performances of arches and vaults, form a typological classification of arches and vaults and to determine their value in relation to the arch and vault forms in the region. As a part of the dissertation, the materials used for building arches and vaults have been analyzed as well as the masonry techniques, and also the partial or complete reconstructions of arch and vault assemblies in the temples have been determined. On the basis of these segments in the research, which are systematized, some of the previous interpretations of arches and vaults inside the churches are reviewed and corrected in this dissertation, and in some cases completely new assertions have been made. The research covers the subject of arches and vaults of church buildings which were being erected in the medieval Serbia, in the period from the mid 12th to mid-14th century, that is, during the reign of the Nemanjiš dynasty. А complete scientific apparatus has been implemented, which included historical method, analytical method, modeling method, comparative method, descriptive method, typological method, the method of synthesis, with 354 footnotes, 230 bibliographic units, with 115 pictures and 15 tables. Based on structural analysis of arches and vaults, the influence of proportion within the specific forms of arches on the intensity of internal forces that are present in these arches has been particularly emphasized. In this thesis, the particularities in the masonry techniques for above mentioned vaults that are of importance for the stability of these structures have been pointed out. As one of the results of research, the systematization of elements and whole arches and vaults and their structural assemblies has been pointed out. In addition, the specifics are determined within the structure of the arches and vaults created in the architecture of medieval Serbia and their basic typology has been formed

Tipološke i konstruktivne karakteristike lukova i svodova sakralnih objekata na tlu srednjovekovne Srbije

In this doctoral thesis, a number of researches of arches and vaults of Orthodox churches in the medieval Serbia has been conducted in order to comprehensively determine the historical factors that have influenced the course of development of arch and vault structures, define the specific proportions and their implementation in construction of arches and vaults, analyze the structural characteristics and performances of arches and vaults, form a typological classification of arches and vaults and to determine their value in relation to the arch and vault forms in the region. As a part of the dissertation, the materials used for building arches and vaults have been analyzed as well as the masonry techniques, and also the partial or complete reconstructions of arch and vault assemblies in the temples have been determined. On the basis of these segments in the research, which are systematized, some of the previous interpretations of arches and vaults inside the churches are reviewed and corrected in this dissertation, and in some cases completely new assertions have been made. The research covers the subject of arches and vaults of church buildings which were being erected in the medieval Serbia, in the period from the mid 12th to mid-14th century, that is, during the reign of the Nemanjiš dynasty. А complete scientific apparatus has been implemented, which included historical method, analytical method, modeling method, comparative method, descriptive method, typological method, the method of synthesis, with 354 footnotes, 230 bibliographic units, with 115 pictures and 15 tables. Based on structural analysis of arches and vaults, the influence of proportion within the specific forms of arches on the intensity of internal forces that are present in these arches has been particularly emphasized. In this thesis, the particularities in the masonry techniques for above mentioned vaults that are of importance for the stability of these structures have been pointed out. As one of the results of research, the systematization of elements and whole arches and vaults and their structural assemblies has been pointed out. In addition, the specifics are determined within the structure of the arches and vaults created in the architecture of medieval Serbia and their basic typology has been formed

Architectural sculpted decoration of civil basilica in ancient Municipality DD

On the occasion of the systematic archaeological research of the forum at the ancient site of the Municipium DD in the north of Kosovo and Metohija, one of the rare examples of a civil basilica was discovered, along with the unusual forms of late antique decorative architectural elements within it. The colonnades from the interior of the basilica consisted of as many as three types of different columns - with a rectangular, oval, and circular base. Each of the examples of these columns had the appropriate bases and capitals, which in their appearance deviate from the most common design of these elements within ancient columns. In this paper, we have determined the place and course of development of specific forms of architectural sculpture in this site. The analysis highlights particular architectural details that determine the identification of the stylistic order to which the forms of our capitals and bases are closest. The special motifs that appear in the form of flutes and lunulae on the capitals determine that the decorative stone sculpture from the civil basilica of Municipium DD belongs to the Doric style. In an attempt by a stonemason to define the shapes of a special type of this order, that is the so-called palm "Pergamon" capitals, it is recognizable that he gave up more demanding details such as leaf ends, which are otherwise characterized by this type. Despite the general affiliation with the Roman Doric architecture, the individual approach of the stonemasons in shaping the capitals meant that certain features were noticed on them, which have not been recognized in other archaeological sites in the Balkans so far. At the same time, on the bases of columns with a circular and oval base, a lack of trochilus and listels, common for shaping ancient bases, is noticeable

Architectural sculpted decorations from the Temple of Antinous and the forum area of antique Municipium DD

During the archaeological research of the forum in Municipium DD, remains of Antique architecture were discovered, including fragments of architectural sculpted decorations The most important part of the research documentation are archaeological journals and Emil Čerškov's monograph, which provided an insight into the number, type and position of these architectonic decoration. This paper provides a first overview and architectural analysis of the known fragments of sculptural decorations, with the goal of determining which constructions in the forum they belonged to. They comprise two groups of fragments, differing by their stylistic traits, typological and chronological determination. The first group comprehends those that were both parts of architectural decorations and constructive elements of the Temple of Antinous, belonging to the 2nd century architecture. The second group contains re-hewn parts of gravestones, used as opening elements of constructions built from the end of the 3rd - beginning of the 4th century. The shaping of the decoration from the Temple of Antinous completely corresponds to the cannons of the ionic order. A capital belonging to type D of Asia Minor ionic capitals (classification by Orhan Bingöl) stands out. One of the most interesting decoration examples is a cornice with a bucranion and garlands, completely obliterated today. Although we determine that with certainty, the archaeological context and common use of this motif on temples and altars suggest that it belonged to the Temple of Antinous. Hewn parts of the temple belong to the conservative design of classical architecture, completely unknown in these regions before the Roman conquest. Traits of autochthonous (Dardanian) architecture cannot be noted. As a minor provincial town, Municipium DD obviously accepted all models from Asia Minor with established stonemasonry traditions in the 2nd century