Concentration of chlorinated compounds in the drinking water distribution network in the city of Acobamba, Huancavelica, Peru

En el trabajo de investigación se tuvo la finalidad de evaluar la concentración de compuestos clorados en la red de distribución de agua potable de la ciudad de Acobamba, y compararlos con los límites máximos permisibles del DS. N° 031-2010-SA. Se realizó el método de investigación inductivo - deductivo, a través del diseño de investigación no experimental – tipo transversal. Los instrumentos de recolección de datos fueron el comparador de cloro (cloro total) y clorimetro tipo disco (cloro residual libre), ficha de recojo de datos y el DS. N° 031-2010-SA. Para la técnica y procesamiento de análisis de datos se utilizó la prueba de Z a través del cálculo directo y la comprobación con el software Minitab 18 y Microsoft Excel para realizar las gráficas y otros cálculos. Los resultados obtenidos fueron que la concentración de los compuestos clorados se encuentra en niveles por debajo de los LMP establecidos en el DS. N° 031-2010-SA. Los cuales son ≤ 5 mg/L para cloro total y ≥ 0.5 mg/L para cloro residual libre. En conclusión, la concentración de los compuestos clorados en la red de distribución de agua potable de la ciudad de Acobamba para el cloro total está dentro de los límites máximos permisibles, pero en cantidades mínimas, por lo tanto, el agua es apto para consumo humano, pero no garantiza una buena calidad de agua potable a la ciudad de Acobamba por la inadecuada cloración, por otro lado, el cloro residual libre no cumple con los límites máximos permisibles, por lo tanto, el agua no es apta para el consumo humano.The purpose of the research work was to evaluate the concentration of chlorinated compounds in the drinking water distribution network of the city of Acobamba, and to compare them with the maximum permissible limits of the DS. No. 031-2010-SA. The inductive-deductive research method was carried out, through the non-experimental research design - cross-sectional type. The data collection instruments were the chlorine comparator (total chlorine) and disk type chlorimeter (free residual chlorine), data collection sheet and the DS. No. 031-2010-SA. For the data analysis technique and processing, the Z test was used through direct calculation and verification with the Minitab 18 software and Microsoft Excel to perform the graphs and other calculations. The results obtained were that the concentration of the chlorinated compounds is at levels below the LMP established in the DS. No. 031-2010-SA. Which are ≤ 5 mg / L for total chlorine and ≥ 0.5 mg / L for free residual chlorine. In conclusion, the concentration of chlorinated compounds in the drinking water distribution network of the city of Acobamba for total chlorine is within the maximum permissible limits, but in minimum quantities, therefore, the water is suitable for human consumption. , but it does not guarantee a good quality of drinking water to the city of Acobamba due to inadequate chlorination, on the other hand, the free residual chlorine does not comply with the maximum permissible limits, therefore, the water is not suitable for human consumption

Vulnerability of consumption to idiosyncratic shocks in the province of Huancavelica: A spatial approximation at the district level of its incidence 2015-2019

La presente investigación tiene como finalidad evaluar el grado de vulnerabilidad en el consumo de los hogares en la provincia de Huancavelica; ello según su condición de pobreza a nivel distrital frente a la presencia de shocks idiosincráticos en sus fuentes de ingresos durante el periodo 2015-2019. Para ello se procedió a construir un panel de datos desbalanceado el cual ha involucrado características de 1,138 hogares distribuidos en 14 distritos a nivel de la provincia de Huancavelica; haciendo un total de 1,591 observaciones. Para ello se ha tomado como principales variables de análisis el gasto e ingreso per cápita por hogar. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que existen diferencias marcadas que muestran los hogares pobres frente a los hogares no pobres en la provincia de Huancavelica frente a la presencia de shocks idiosincráticos en sus fuentes de ingresos. En ese contexto, la evidencia empírica sugiere que los hogares en situación de extrema pobreza y pobreza no extrema (hogares pobres) son más vulnerables ante la presencia de shocks idiosincráticos. Asimismo, la espacialización de la vulnerabilidad del consumo a nivel de la provincia de Huancavelica, indica que existen diferencias interdistritales significativas en términos de consumo, independientemente de la condición de pobreza del hogar. Finalmente se concluye, la presencia de heterogeneidad no observable específica a cada hogar en términos de su consumo; heterogeneidad que varía según la condición de pobreza y localización del hogar a nivel de la provincia de Huancavelica.The purpose of this research is to assess the degree of vulnerability in household consumption in the province of Huancavelica; this according to their condition of poverty at the district level in the face of the presence of idiosyncratic shocks in their sources of income during the period 2015-2019. To do this, we proceeded to build an unbalanced data panel which has involved characteristics of 1,138 households distributed in 14 districts at the level of the province of Huancavelica; making a total of 1,591 observations. To this end, expenditure and per capita income per household have been taken as the main variables of analysis. The results obtained suggest that there are marked differences shown by poor versus non-poor households in the province of Huancavelica in the presence of idiosyncratic shocks in their sources of income. In this context, empirical evidence suggests that households in extreme poverty and non-extreme poverty (poor households) are more vulnerable to the presence of idiosyncratic shocks. Likewise, the spatialization of the vulnerability of consumption at the level of the province of Huancavelica, indicates that there are significant interdistrict differences in terms of consumption, regardless of the poverty condition of the household. Finally, it is concluded, the presence of unobservable heterogeneity specific to each household in terms of its consumption; heterogeneity that varies according to the condition of poverty and location of the household at the level of the province of Huancavelic

Conversion of lignocellulose biomass to bioenergy through nanobiotechnology

The growing global demand for energy, particularly petroleum-based fuels, has stimulated a long-term quest for an optimal source of sustainable energy. This barrier is removed by lignocellulosic biomass, which is an economical, easily accessible, and renewable fuel source that fits sustainability standards. However, large-scale use of most of the techniques results in significant handling costs and decontamination of the inhibitors released. Taken together, these limits increase the efficacy of present solutions and create a need for the development of a novel, environmentally sustainable, productive, and cost-effective technology for lignocellulose biomass conversion. In this context, the use of nanotechnology in the treatment of lignocellulose biomass to bioenergy exchange has gained significant attention and has been extensively researched in recent years. This review discussed how nanotechnology can be used to turn biomass into energy. It gives new ideas and tools for developing new industries, which will help the economy, grow in the long run. This careful examination will also shed light on some of the minor details surrounding the different ways of biomass conversion previously explored by other experts

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Search for new particles in events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A search is presented for new particles produced at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV, using events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 101 fb(-1), collected in 2017-2018 with the CMS detector. Machine learning techniques are used to define separate categories for events with narrow jets from initial-state radiation and events with large-radius jets consistent with a hadronic decay of a W or Z boson. A statistical combination is made with an earlier search based on a data sample of 36 fb(-1), collected in 2016. No significant excess of events is observed with respect to the standard model background expectation determined from control samples in data. The results are interpreted in terms of limits on the branching fraction of an invisible decay of the Higgs boson, as well as constraints on simplified models of dark matter, on first-generation scalar leptoquarks decaying to quarks and neutrinos, and on models with large extra dimensions. Several of the new limits, specifically for spin-1 dark matter mediators, pseudoscalar mediators, colored mediators, and leptoquarks, are the most restrictive to date.Peer reviewe

Combined searches for the production of supersymmetric top quark partners in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A combination of searches for top squark pair production using proton-proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1) collected by the CMS experiment, is presented. Signatures with at least 2 jets and large missing transverse momentum are categorized into events with 0, 1, or 2 leptons. New results for regions of parameter space where the kinematical properties of top squark pair production and top quark pair production are very similar are presented. Depending on themodel, the combined result excludes a top squarkmass up to 1325 GeV for amassless neutralino, and a neutralinomass up to 700 GeV for a top squarkmass of 1150 GeV. Top squarks with masses from 145 to 295 GeV, for neutralino masses from 0 to 100 GeV, with a mass difference between the top squark and the neutralino in a window of 30 GeV around the mass of the top quark, are excluded for the first time with CMS data. The results of theses searches are also interpreted in an alternative signal model of dark matter production via a spin-0 mediator in association with a top quark pair. Upper limits are set on the cross section for mediator particle masses of up to 420 GeV

Probing effective field theory operators in the associated production of top quarks with a Z boson in multilepton final states at root s=13 TeV

Peer reviewe

Observation of tW production in the single-lepton channel in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV

A measurement of the cross section of the associated production of a single top quark and a W boson in final states with a muon or electron and jets in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV is presented. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 36 fb(-1) collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2016. A boosted decision tree is used to separate the tW signal from the dominant t (t) over bar background, whilst the subleading W+jets and multijet backgrounds are constrained using data-based estimates. This result is the first observation of the tW process in final states containing a muon or electron and jets, with a significance exceeding 5 standard deviations. The cross section is determined to be 89 +/- 4 (stat) +/- 12 (syst) pb, consistent with the standard model.Peer reviewe

Measurements of the Electroweak Diboson Production Cross Sections in Proton-Proton Collisions at root s=5.02 TeV Using Leptonic Decays

The first measurements of diboson production cross sections in proton-proton interactions at a center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV are reported. They are based on data collected with the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 302 pb(-1). Events with two, three, or four charged light leptons (electrons or muons) in the final state are analyzed. The WW, WZ, and ZZ total cross sections are measured as sigma(WW) = 37:0(-5.2)(+5.5) (stat)(-2.6)(+2.7) (syst) pb, sigma(WZ) = 6.4(-2.1)(+2.5) (stat)(-0.3)(+0.5)(syst) pb, and sigma(ZZ) = 5.3(-2.1)(+2.5)(stat)(-0.4)(+0.5) (syst) pb. All measurements are in good agreement with theoretical calculations at combined next-to-next-to-leading order quantum chromodynamics and next-to-leading order electroweak accuracy