Efeitos de tratamentos pré-germinativos e do armazenamento na germinação e diásporos de Astronium fraxinifolium Schott (Anacardiaceae)

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509814577The goal of this study was to evaluate the germination and the storage capacity of Astronium fraxinifolium diaspores. Six pre-germination treatments were used in the experiment: control treatment (intact diaspores); diaspores immersed in water at room temperature (25º C) for 5 min; diaspores immersed in water at 70° C for 5 min; diaspores immersed in water at 100° C for 5 min; diaspores immersed in sodium hypochlorite solution (1:1000) for 2 min; and diaspores mechanically scarified with sandpaper #80. To evaluate storage conditions, we tested two different types of packaging (permeable paper bag and transparent glass jar) and two environmental conditions (cold chamber and room conditions), resulting in four treatments. The germination tests were performed for zero (control) and 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 days after storage. The effects of different treatments on germination and storage of diaspores were evaluated by ANOVA, followed by Tukey test. Regarding to pre-germination treatments, high germination rates were observed in the hypochlorite (98.0 ± 4.22%), control (97.0 ± 4.83%), water at room temperature (96.0 ± 6.99%) and water at 70º C (83.0 ± 29.08%) treatments. Thus, Astronium fraxinifolium diaspores do not present dormancy. During storage, the diaspores remained viable throughout the study period with high germination rates, except for the treatment in paper bags placed in the cold chamber, in which the diaspores lost their viability in the eighth month of storage. Therefore, this is not a recommended storage method for this species.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509814577Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a germinação e a capacidade de armazenamento de diásporos de Astronium fraxinifolium. Para o experimento de germinação, utilizaram-se seis tratamentos pré-germinativos: tratamento controle (diásporos intactos); diásporos imersos em água a temperatura ambiente (25º C) por 5 min.; diásporos imersos em água a 70° C por 5 min.; diásporos imersos em água a 100° C por 5 min.; diásporos imersos em solução de hipoclorito de sódio (1:1000) por 2 min.; e diásporos escarificados mecanicamente, com lixa nº 80. Para determinar a capacidade de armazenamento, foram testados dois diferentes tipos de embalagem (saco de papel permeável e vidro transparente) e duas condições ambientais (câmara fria e condições de laboratório). Foram realizados testes de germinação antes do armazenamento (tempo zero) e após 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 e 360 dias de armazenamento. Os efeitos dos diferentes tratamentos pré-germinativos e das condições de armazenamento na germinação dos diásporos foram avaliados por meio da ANOVA, seguida do teste de Tukey. Em relação aos tratamentos pré-germinativos, foram observadas altas taxas de germinação nos tratamentos com imersão em hipoclorito (98,0 ± 4,22%), controle (97,0 ± 4,83%), imersão em água destilada a temperatura ambiente (96,0 ± 6,99%) e imersão em água aquecida a 70ºC (83,0 ± 29,08%). Dessa forma, os diásporos de Astronium fraxinifolium não apresentaram dormência. No armazenamento, os diásporos permaneceram viáveis durante todo o período de estudo, apresentando altas porcentagens de germinação, com exceção do tratamento em saco de papel acondicionado em câmara fria, que perdeu a viabilidade no oitavo mês de armazenamento, não sendo, portanto, um método de armazenamento recomendado para esta espécie

CONHECIMENTO, USO E MANEJO IN SITU DO LICURI (SYAGRUS CORONATA (MART.) BECC.)

The aim of this study was to verify the relationships between the forms of use and management adopted by extractivists of the palm Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc., as well as their knowledge about it, and to relate ethnobotanical parameters to phenotypic traits in a caatinga area located at the Jiboia settlement in Senhor do Bonfim, Bahia. Licuri is considered a resource of high commercial importance for residents of the Jiboia Settlement. Thirty-five interviews were conducted with the extractivists from April to November 2018. Five categories of use were reported, with emphasis on human food, trade and animal feed. There was a significant relationship between the informants' age, oldest people, and the extractivism of S. coronata. Women's knowledge was also significant. To evaluate the relationship between the residents of the settlement and the Licuri, semi-structured interviews were applied. Phenotypic characterization was performed with selected S. coronata palms in the managed and unmanaged areas. From ethnobotanical and phenotypic data, it was possible to understand the population dynamics and the cultural universe surrounding the use and management of S. coronata, a native species from the northeastern semi-arid region of Brazil and currently under searched regarding this last aspect.El objetivo fue verificar las relaciones entre conocimiento, uso y manejo del extractivismo de la palmera Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc. y relacionar parámetros etnobotánicos con características fenotípicas en un sitio de caatinga ubicada en la región de asentamiento llhamado Jiboia en Senhor do Bonfim, región semiárida de Bahia. Se realizaron 35 entrevistas a extractivistas del asentamiento, ocurridas entre los meses de abril y noviembre de 2018. Se reportaron cinco categorías de uso, con énfasis en alimentación humana, comercio y alimentación animal. Hubo una relación significativa entre la edad de los informantes, personas mayores, con la práctica de extracción de S. coronata, así como el conocimiento de las mujeres fue significativamente mayor respecto al extractivismo de la especie. El licuri es considerado un recurso de gran importancia comercial para los habitantes del asentamiento Jiboia. Para evaluar la relación entre las personas del asentamiento y Licuri, se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas. La caracterización fenotípica se realizó con individuos de S. coronata seleccionados en las áreas manejada y no manejada. Con los datos etnobotánicos y fenotípicos, fue posible comprender mejor la dinámica poblacional y el universo cultural en torno al uso y manejo de S. coronata, especie originaria del semiárido baiano y todavia poco estudiada en cuanto a esta última aspecto.Objetivou-se verificar as relações entre conhecimento, uso e manejo do extrativismo da palmeira Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc. e relacionar parâmetros etnobotânicos a características fenotípicas em uma área de caatinga localizada na região do Assentamento Jiboia em Senhor do Bonfim, semiárido baiano. Foram realizadas 35 entrevistas com os extrativistas do assentamento, ocorrendo entre os meses de abril a novembro de 2018. Foram relatadas cinco categorias de uso, recebendo destaque as categorias alimentação humana, comércio e alimentação animal. Houve relação significativa entre a idade dos informantes, pessoas mais velhas, com a prática do extrativismo do S. coronata, bem como o conhecimento das mulheres foi significativamente maior no tocante ao extrativismo da espécie. O licuri é considerado um recurso de elevada importância comercial para os moradores do Assentamento Jiboia. Para avaliar a relação das pessoas do assentamento Jiboia com o Licuri foram aplicadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas. A caracterização fenotípica foi realizada com indivíduos de S. coronata selecionados na área manejada e área não manejada. De posse dos dados etnobotânicos e fenotípicos foi possível compreender melhor as dinâmicas populacionais, e o universo cultural entorno do uso e manejo de S. coronata, espécie nativa do semi-árido nordestino e pouco estudada, quanto este último aspecto

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA ARBORIZAÇÃO URBANA EM TRÊS AMBIENTES NA CIDADE DE MONTES CLAROS, MG

A arborização urbana é um fator importante que proporciona um ambiente físico saudável aos centros urbanos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo inventariar e comparar a diversidade de espécies vegetais utilizadas na arborização de três ambientes na área urbana da cidade de Montes Claros através de levantamento florístico, análise de parâmetros da arborização, da distribuição dos indivíduos e da diversidade através do índice de Shannon (H'). Foi encontrado um total de 1605 indivíduos, pertencentes a 24 famílias botânicas. O bairro Major Prates apresentou maior riqueza, com 46 espécies e maior abundância com 951 indivíduos, seguido do bairro Morada do Parque, com 38 espécies e 486 indivíduos, e das Praças, com 33 espécies e 168 indivíduos. As praças obtiveram maior diversidade (H' = 2,9), maiores indivíduos e maiores copas. Todos os parâmetros analisados diferiram entre os ambientes estudados, exceto para a área livre do passeio e o espaçamento entre os indivíduos. O bairro Major Prates apresentou uma média de raiz exposta maior que o Morada do Parque e também uma menor média de distância que ultrapassa a fiação. Assim, os três ambientes possuem diferenças marcantes em seus padrões de arborização.

Solos, relevo e vegetação determinam os geoambientes de unidade de conservação do norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil

To guide the planning and management of protected areas in a consistent and efficient manner, a solid knowledge of the various strata or geoenvironments is essential. In this study we identified, characterized and mapped the geoenvironmental units at the Caminho dos Gerais State Park, located in southeastern Brazil, to enhance the knowledge on the environmental diversity of this important nature reserve, helping the planning for its conservation. For the geoenvironmental stratification, all pedological, geomorphological and vegetacional aspects were considered. We described and collected 29 soil profiles according with the main vegetation types. Six plots (20 x 20 m2) were plotted for each vegetation type for sampling floristic the shrub-tree species. Seven different geoenvironments were identified within the State Park. Two geoenvironments represent the highest landscapes of Serra Geral. The dry forests at the footslopes are closely associated with high fertility soils, in contrast with all remaining upland geoenvironments; however, dry-forest soils adjacent to the escarpment are dystrophic and transitional, in terms of nutrients’ availability. The present study highlights the singularity and diversity of geoenvironments at Caminho dos Gerais State Park, helping to set up conservation policies and sound management plan.Keywords: ecotone, soil-vegetation relationship, landscape.Para nortear o planejamento e a gestão das unidades de conservação de forma coerente e eficiente, um sólido conhecimento sobre os vários estratos ou geoambientes é imprescindível. No presente estudo, foram identificadas, caracterizadas e mapeadas as unidades geoambientais do Parque Estadual Caminho dos Gerais (PECG), situado no sudeste do Brasil, servindo para gerar subsídios para o planejamento ambiental da Unidade de Conservação. Para estratificação dos geoambientes, foram avaliados os aspectos pedológicos e geomorfológicos e as formações vegetais. Foram descritos e coletados dez perfis de solos nas diferentes fitofisionomias do parque. Seis parcelas (20 x 20 m) em cada fitofisionomia foram plotadas para amostragem florística das espécies arbustiva-arbóreas. Sete geoambientes foram identificados, sendo que o parque possui um amplo mosaico ambiental em condições ecotonais, com extensas áreas de Cerrado no topo da Serra e formações florestais nas encostas e sopés. Dois geoambientes constituem os setores mais elevados da Serra Geral. As Florestas Estacionais Deciduais das bordas da Serra possuem forte associação com solos mais ricos em nutrientes; entretanto, os solos do sopé, adjacentes à escarpa da Serra, são distróficos e transicionais. Este estudo evidencia a singularidade de cada geoambiente, subsidiando o planejamento para conservação e elaboração do plano de manejo.Palavras-chave: ecótono, relação solo-vegetação, paisagem

Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of pregnant women living with HIV/AIDS in a region of Southern Brazil where the subtype C of HIV-1 infection predominates

AbstractSouthern Brazil has the highest prevalence rate of AIDS in the country and is the only region in the Americas where HIV-1 subtype C prevails.ObjectiveWe evaluated the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of pregnant women living with HIV/AIDS in the South region of Santa Catarina, Brazil.MethodsAll pregnant women with HIV infection attending the obstetric outpatient clinic of Criciúma, State of Santa Catarina, in 2007 (n=46) were invited to participate. Data of 36 eligible participants were obtained through a standardized questionnaire.ResultsThe great majority were young, with a steady partner, low family income, low education level and referring early first sexual intercourse. Many reported use of illicit non-injecting drugs (55.5%) and unprotected sex with partners that were HIV-positive (57.7%), injecting drug user (22.2%), male inmate (19.4%), truck driver (13.8%), with history of sexually transmitted disease (11.1%) or men who have sex with men (MSM) (2.8%). Most (66.7%) of the participants had their HIV diagnosis done during the pregnancy, 7 (19.4%) had a previous history of HIV mother-to-child transmission. Therapy based on highly active antiretroviral therapy (94%) was initiated at 19.3 weeks on average and 33% showed irregular antiretroviral adherence.ConclusionThese results confirm previous data on HIV epidemiology in Brazil and suggest that the women partners’ sexual behavior and unprotected sexual intercourse are important aspects of HIV epidemic. Additional efforts in education, prophylaxis and medication adherence are needed

Expanding tropical forest monitoring into Dry Forests: The DRYFLOR protocol for permanent plots

This is the final version. Available on open access from Wiley via the DOI in this recordSocietal Impact Statement Understanding of tropical forests has been revolutionized by monitoring in permanent plots. Data from global plot networks have transformed our knowledge of forests’ diversity, function, contribution to global biogeochemical cycles, and sensitivity to climate change. Monitoring has thus far been concentrated in rain forests. Despite increasing appreciation of their threatened status, biodiversity, and importance to the global carbon cycle, monitoring in tropical dry forests is still in its infancy. We provide a protocol for permanent monitoring plots in tropical dry forests. Expanding monitoring into dry biomes is critical for overcoming the linked challenges of climate change, land use change, and the biodiversity crisis.Newton FundNatural Environment Research Council (NERC)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloCYTE

Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests.Additional co-authors: Susan Laurance, William Laurance, Francoise Yoko Ishida, Andrew Marshall, Catherine Waite, Hannsjoerg Woell, Jean-Francois Bastin, Marijn Bauters, Hans Beeckman, Pfascal Boeckx, Jan Bogaert, Charles De Canniere, Thales de Haulleville, Jean-Louis Doucet, Olivier Hardy, Wannes Hubau, Elizabeth Kearsley, Hans Verbeeck, Jason Vleminckx, Steven W. Brewer, Alfredo Alarcón, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Eric Arets, Luzmila Arroyo, Ezequiel Chavez, Todd Fredericksen, René Guillén Villaroel, Gloria Gutierrez Sibauty, Timothy Killeen, Juan Carlos Licona, John Lleigue, Casimiro Mendoza, Samaria Murakami, Alexander Parada Gutierrez, Guido Pardo, Marielos Peña-Claros, Lourens Poorter, Marisol Toledo, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Laura Jessica Viscarra, Vincent Vos, Jorge Ahumada, Everton Almeida, Jarcilene Almeida, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Wesley Alves da Cruz, Atila Alves de Oliveira, Fabrício Alvim Carvalho, Flávio Amorim Obermuller, Ana Andrade, Fernanda Antunes Carvalho, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Ana Carla Aquino, Luiz Aragão, Ana Claudia Araújo, Marco Antonio Assis, Jose Ataliba Mantelli Aboin Gomes, Fabrício Baccaro, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Paulo Barni, Jorcely Barroso, Luis Carlos Bernacci, Kauane Bordin, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, Igor Broggio, José Luís Camargo, Domingos Cardoso, Maria Antonia Carniello, Andre Luis Casarin Rochelle, Carolina Castilho, Antonio Alberto Jorge Farias Castro, Wendeson Castro, Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro, Flávia Costa, Rodrigo Costa de Oliveira, Italo Coutinho, John Cunha, Lola da Costa, Lucia da Costa Ferreira, Richarlly da Costa Silva, Marta da Graça Zacarias Simbine, Vitor de Andrade Kamimura, Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima, Lia de Oliveira Melo, Luciano de Queiroz, José Romualdo de Sousa Lima, Mário do Espírito Santo, Tomas Domingues, Nayane Cristina dos Santos Prestes, Steffan Eduardo Silva Carneiro, Fernando Elias, Gabriel Eliseu, Thaise Emilio, Camila Laís Farrapo, Letícia Fernandes, Gustavo Ferreira, Joice Ferreira, Leandro Ferreira, Socorro Ferreira, Marcelo Fragomeni Simon, Maria Aparecida Freitas, Queila S. García, Angelo Gilberto Manzatto, Paulo Graça, Frederico Guilherme, Eduardo Hase, Niro Higuchi, Mariana Iguatemy, Reinaldo Imbrozio Barbosa, Margarita Jaramillo, Carlos Joly, Joice Klipel, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Carolina Levis, Antonio S. Lima, Maurício Lima Dan, Aline Lopes, Herison Madeiros, William E. Magnusson, Rubens Manoel dos Santos, Beatriz Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Roberta Marotti Martelletti Grillo, Luiz Martinelli, Simone Matias Reis, Salomão Medeiros, Milton Meira-Junior, Thiago Metzker, Paulo Morandi, Natanael Moreira do Nascimento, Magna Moura, Sandra Cristina Müller, Laszlo Nagy, Henrique Nascimento, Marcelo Nascimento, Adriano Nogueira Lima, Raimunda Oliveira de Araújo, Jhonathan Oliveira Silva, Marcelo Pansonato, Gabriel Pavan Sabino, Karla Maria Pedra de Abreu, Pablo José Francisco Pena Rodrigues, Maria Piedade, Domingos Rodrigues, José Roberto Rodrigues Pinto, Carlos Quesada, Eliana Ramos, Rafael Ramos, Priscyla Rodrigues, Thaiane Rodrigues de Sousa, Rafael Salomão, Flávia Santana, Marcos Scaranello, Rodrigo Scarton Bergamin, Juliana Schietti, Jochen Schöngart, Gustavo Schwartz, Natalino Silva, Marcos Silveira, Cristiana Simão Seixas, Marta Simbine, Ana Claudia Souza, Priscila Souza, Rodolfo Souza, Tereza Sposito, Edson Stefani Junior, Julio Daniel do Vale, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Dora Villela, Marcos Vital, Haron Xaud, Katia Zanini, Charles Eugene Zartman, Nur Khalish Hafizhah Ideris, Faizah binti Hj Metali, Kamariah Abu Salim, Muhd Shahruney Saparudin, Rafizah Mat Serudin, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Serge Begne, George Chuyong, Marie Noel Djuikouo, Christelle Gonmadje, Murielle Simo-Droissart, Bonaventure Sonké, Hermann Taedoumg, Lise Zemagho, Sean Thomas, Fidèle Baya, Gustavo Saiz, Javier Silva Espejo, Dexiang Chen, Alan Hamilton, Yide Li, Tushou Luo, Shukui Niu, Han Xu, Zhang Zhou, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Juan Carlos Andrés Escobar, Henry Arellano-Peña, Jaime Cabezas Duarte, Jhon Calderón, Lina Maria Corrales Bravo, Borish Cuadrado, Hermes Cuadros, Alvaro Duque, Luisa Fernanda Duque, Sandra Milena Espinosa, Rebeca Franke-Ante, Hernando García, Alejandro Gómez, Roy González-M., Álvaro Idárraga-Piedrahíta, Eliana Jimenez, Rubén Jurado, Wilmar López Oviedo, René López-Camacho, Omar Aurelio Melo Cruz, Irina Mendoza Polo, Edwin Paky, Karen Pérez, Angel Pijachi, Camila Pizano, Adriana Prieto, Laura Ramos, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, James Richardson, Elkin Rodríguez, Gina M. Rodriguez M., Agustín Rudas, Pablo Stevenson, Markéta Chudomelová, Martin Dancak, Radim Hédl, Stanislav Lhota, Martin Svatek, Jacques Mukinzi, Corneille Ewango, Terese Hart, Emmanuel Kasongo Yakusu, Janvier Lisingo, Jean-Remy Makana, Faustin Mbayu, Benjamin Toirambe, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Lars Kvist, Gustav Nebel, Selene Báez, Carlos Céron, Daniel M. Griffith, Juan Ernesto Guevara Andino, David Neill, Walter Palacios, Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora, Gonzalo Rivas-Torres, Gorky Villa, Sheleme Demissie, Tadesse Gole, Techane Gonfa, Kalle Ruokolainen, Michel Baisie, Fabrice Bénédet, Wemo Betian, Vincent Bezard, Damien Bonal, Jerôme Chave, Vincent Droissart, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, Annette Hladik, Nicolas Labrière, Pétrus Naisso, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Plinio Sist, Lilian Blanc, Benoit Burban, Géraldine Derroire, Aurélie Dourdain, Clement Stahl, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Eric Chezeaux, Fidèle Evouna Ondo, Vincent Medjibe, Vianet Mihindou, Lee White, Heike Culmsee, Cristabel Durán Rangel, Viviana Horna, Florian Wittmann, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Ernest Foli, Michael Balinga, Anand Roopsind, James Singh, Raquel Thomas, Roderick Zagt, Indu K. Murthy, Kuswata Kartawinata, Edi Mirmanto, Hari Priyadi, Ismayadi Samsoedin, Terry Sunderland, Ishak Yassir, Francesco Rovero, Barbara Vinceti, Bruno Hérault, Shin-Ichiro Aiba, Kanehiro Kitayama, Armandu Daniels, Darlington Tuagben, John T. Woods, Muhammad Fitriadi, Alexander Karolus, Kho Lip Khoon, Noreen Majalap, Colin Maycock, Reuben Nilus, Sylvester Tan, Almeida Sitoe, Indiana Coronado G., Lucas Ojo, Rafael de Assis, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Douglas Sheil, Karen Arévalo Pezo, Hans Buttgenbach Verde, Victor Chama Moscoso, Jimmy Cesar Cordova Oroche, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Massiel Corrales Medina, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Jano de Rutte Corzo, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Luis Freitas, Darcy Galiano Cabrera, Roosevelt García Villacorta, Karina Garcia Cabrera, Diego García Soria, Leticia Gatica Saboya, Julio Miguel Grandez Rios, Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango, Eurídice Honorio Coronado, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Yuri Tomas Huillca Aedo, Jose Luis Marcelo Peña, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Vanesa Moreano Rodriguez, Percy Núñez Vargas, Sonia Cesarina Palacios Ramos, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Antonio Peña Cruz, Freddy Ramirez Arevalo, José Reyna Huaymacari, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Marcos Antonio Ríos Paredes, Lily Rodriguez Bayona, Rocio del Pilar Rojas Gonzales, Maria Elena Rojas Peña, Norma Salinas Revilla, Yahn Carlos Soto Shareva, Raul Tupayachi Trujillo, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Rodolfo Vasquez Martinez, Jim Vega Arenas, Christian Amani, Suspense Averti Ifo, Yannick Bocko, Patrick Boundja, Romeo Ekoungoulou, Mireille Hockemba, Donatien Nzala, Alusine Fofanah, David Taylor, Guillermo Bañares-de Dios, Luis Cayuela, Íñigo Granzow-de la Cerda, Manuel Macía, Juliana Stropp, Maureen Playfair, Verginia Wortel, Toby Gardner, Robert Muscarella, Hari Priyadi, Ervan Rutishauser, Kuo-Jung Chao, Pantaleo Munishi, Olaf Bánki, Frans Bongers, Rene Boot, Gabriella Fredriksson, Jan Reitsma, Hans ter Steege, Tinde van Andel, Peter van de Meer, Peter van der Hout, Mark van Nieuwstadt, Bert van Ulft, Elmar Veenendaal, Ronald Vernimmen, Pieter Zuidema, Joeri Zwerts, Perpetra Akite, Robert Bitariho, Colin Chapman, Eilu Gerald, Miguel Leal, Patrick Mucunguzi, Miguel Alexiades, Timothy R. Baker, Karina Banda, Lindsay Banin, Jos Barlow, Amy Bennett, Erika Berenguer, Nicholas Berry, Neil M. Bird, George A. Blackburn, Francis Brearley, Roel Brienen, David Burslem, Lidiany Carvalho, Percival Cho, Fernanda Coelho, Murray Collins, David Coomes, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Greta Dargie, Kyle Dexter, Mat Disney, Freddie Draper, Muying Duan, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Robert Ewers, Belen Fadrique, Sophie Fauset, Ted R. Feldpausch, Filipe França, David Galbraith, Martin Gilpin, Emanuel Gloor, John Grace, Keith Hamer, David Harris, Tommaso Jucker, Michelle Kalamandeen, Bente Klitgaard, Aurora Levesley, Simon L. Lewis, Jeremy Lindsell, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Jon Lovett, Yadvinder Malhi, Toby Marthews, Emma McIntosh, Karina Melgaço, William Milliken, Edward Mitchard, Peter Moonlight, Sam Moore, Alexandra Morel, Julie Peacock, Kelvin Peh, Colin Pendry, R. Toby Pennington, Luciana de Oliveira Pereira, Carlos Peres, Oliver L. Phillips, Georgia Pickavance, Thomas Pugh, Lan Qie, Terhi Riutta, Katherine Roucoux, Casey Ryan, Tiina Sarkinen, Camila Silva Valeria, Dominick Spracklen, Suzanne Stas, Martin Sullivan, Michael Swaine, Joey Talbot, James Taplin, Geertje van der Heijden, Laura Vedovato, Simon Willcock, Mathew Williams, Luciana Alves, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Gabriel Arellano, Cheryl Asa, Peter Ashton, Gregory Asner, Terry Brncic, Foster Brown, Robyn Burnham, Connie Clark, James Comiskey, Gabriel Damasco, Stuart Davies, Tony Di Fiore, Terry Erwin, William Farfan-Rios, Jefferson Hall, David Kenfack, Thomas Lovejoy, Roberta Martin, Olga Martha Montiel, John Pipoly, Nigel Pitman, John Poulsen, Richard Primack, Miles Silman, Marc Steininger, Varun Swamy, John Terborgh, Duncan Thomas, Peter Umunay, Maria Uriarte, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Ophelia Wang, Kenneth Young, Gerardo A. Aymard C., Lionel Hernández, Rafael Herrera Fernández, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Pedro Salcedo, Elio Sanoja, Julio Serrano, Armando Torres-Lezama, Tinh Cong Le, Trai Trong Le, Hieu Dang Tra