Morfologia de fruto, semente e plântula de três espécies de Annona (Annonaceae)

The aim of this paper was to describe and illustrate the morphological characters of fruits, seeds and seedlings of Annona crassiflora Mart., A. muricata L. and A. squamosa L. The characters were: shape, coloration, weight, longitudinal and transverse diameters, weight of the pulp, weight of the rind + stowage, weight of seeds and number of seeds per fruit, in 50 fruits of each species. In addition, longitudinal and transverse diameters, thicknesses and individual weights were measured in 100 seeds of each species. For the study of the seedling morphology, seeds were sown in substrate composed of soil and sand (3:1), in a randomized array, with four replicates of 25 seeds of each species. Evaluations were made daily to distinguish eight developmental stages. The fruits of the three species are multiple, formed by numerous fruticulos, united between them forming a syncarp, and the seeds are glabrous, of oblong form and hard testa. The biometrics data showed great interspecific variability, although the pulp, in all species, represented the main constituent of the fruits. A. crassiflora and A. squamosa species exhibited an epigeal germination and A. muricata, hypogeal germination behavior. The morphological aspects of each species, within the distinct stages, were constant and homogeneous, making them good tools to be used in taxonomic and ecological studies.O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever e ilustrar os caracteres morfológicos de fruto, semente e plântula de Annona crassiflora, A. squamosa e A. muricata. Foram avaliados, em 50 frutos de cada espécie, a forma, coloração, peso, diâmetros longitudinal e transversal, peso da polpa, peso da casca + receptáculo, peso das sementes e número de sementes por fruto. Também foram determinados diâmetros longitudinal e transversal, espessura e peso individual de 100 sementes de cada espécie. Para o estudo da morfologia de plântulas, a semeadura foi efetuada em substrato contendo terra e areia (3:1) em DIC, com quatro repetições de 25 sementes para cada espécie. Foram realizadas observações diárias sendo determinadas oito fases de desenvolvimento. Os frutos das três espécies são múltiplos formados por numerosos frutículos, concrescidos entre si, formando um sincarpo; as sementes são glabras de forma oblonga e testa dura. Na análise dos dados biométricos foi observada uma grande variabilidade interespecífica, sendo que em todas as espécies a polpa revelou-se o principal constituinte dos frutos. A. crassiflora e A. squamosa apresentaram germinação epígeo-fanerocotiledonar e A. muricata, hipógea criptocotiledonar. Em cada espécie, os aspectos morfológicos, nas distintas fases, apresentaram-se homogêneos e constantes podendo ser seguramente empregados em estudos taxonômicos e ecológicos.

The hydrolysis of agro-industrial residues by holocellulose-degrading enzymes

Holocellulose structures from agro-industrial residues rely on main and side chain attacking enzymes with different specificities for complete hydrolysis. Combinations of crude enzymatic extracts from different fungal species, including Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma longibrachiatum, were applied to sugar cane bagasse, banana stem and dirty cotton residue to investigate the hydrolysis of holocellulose structures. A. terreus and A. oryzae were the best producers of FPase and xylanase activities. A combination of A. terreus and A. oryzae extracts in a 50% proportion provided optimal hydrolysis of dirty cotton residue and banana stem. For the hydrolysis of sugar cane bagasse, the best results were obtained with samples only containing A. terreus crude extract

Percepção do condutor acidentado sobre os fatores que influenciaram no acidente motociclístico

Aim: to identify the perception of the injured driver about the factors that influenced the motorcycle accident. Method: a descriptive, qualitative research, developed with fifteen accident victims who were driving the motorcycle at the time of the accident, in September 2015, in the capital of the State of Piaui. Data was analyzed using a thematic analysis. Results: three categories emerged in this study: motorcycle accident victim's perception in relation to their risk behavior; association of the accident to the risky behavior of the other driver and external factors related to the motorcycle accident from the injured driver's perspective. Final thoughts: two great challenges were evidenced: to consolidate a traffic education as effective as the motorcycle sales policy, and the other is to involve society in debates about problems that occur in trafficObjetivo: Identificar la percepción del conductor accidentado sobre los factores que influyeron en el accidente de motocicleta. Método: estudio descriptivo, cualitativo, desarrollado en septiembre de 2015, con quince víctimas de accidentes que conducían la motocicleta en el momento del accidente, en la capital de la provinciade Piauí. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de la técnica deanálisis temático. Resultados: Del estudio formaron tres categorías: la percepción de las víctimas de accidentes de motocicleta sobre su comportamiento de riesgo; asociación del accidente a la conducta de riesgo del otro conductor y factores externos relacionados alaccidente del motociclista en la concepción del conductor accidentado. Consideraciones finales:Se evidenció que el gobierno tiene dos grandes desafíos: instituir una educación en el tráfico tan eficaz como la política de venta de las motocicletas e involucrar la sociedad en los debates sobre los problemas que se producen en el tráfico.Objetivo: identificar a percepção do condutor acidentado sobre os fatores que influenciaram no acidente motociclístico. Método: pesquisa descritiva, qualitativa, desenvolvida no mês de setembro de 2015, com quinze pessoas acidentadas, que conduziam a motocicleta no momento do acidente, na capital do Estado do Piauí. Os dados foram analisados pela técnica de análise temática. Resultados: emergiram neste estudo três categorias: percepção das vítimas de acidente motociclístico quanto ao seu comportamento de risco; associação do acidente ao comportamento de risco do outro condutor; e fatores externos relacionados ao acidente do motociclista na concepção do condutor acidentado. Considerações finais: Evidenciaram-se dois grandes desafios do poder público: instituir uma educação no trânsito tão eficaz quanto a política de venda de motocicletas e, envolver a sociedade em debates sobre os problemas que ocorrem no trânsito.

A IMPORTÂNCIA DO ENFERMEIRO NOS SERVIÇOS DE HEMODINÂMICA: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA

No início do século XX as doenças cardiovasculares provocavam 10% dos óbitos no mundo. Com o objetivo de melhorar a estratégia de tratamento dessas doenças surgem procedimentos com resultados favoráveis, os quais estão inclusos na cardiologia intervencionista, a qual é desenvolvida em Unidades de Hemodinâmica, sendo eles: a angioplastia primária e o emprego de stents. A experiência do médico e de toda a equipe de enfermagem e radiologia é um fator essencial para o resultado obtido nos procedimentos empregados na cardiologia intervencionista. O presente artigo consiste em uma revisão integrativa, no qual tem como objetivo discorrer acerca da importância do enfermeiro nos serviços de hemodinâmica, com o intuito de conscientizar os estudantes e profissionais da área acerca da sua importância nesse setor. Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura do tipo integrativa, na qual foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, nas bases de dados da Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde: Sistema Latino Americano e do Caribe de informação em Ciências da Saúde e na Biblioteca Eletrônica Científica Online, acerca do tema em estudo. A atuação da Enfermagem no serviço de hemodinâmica cardíaca é de suma importância, visto que tem como objetivo um melhor planejamento do cuidado por meio da Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem. Em suma, é possível concluir que as Unidades de Hemodinâmica exigem do enfermeiro conhecimentos referentes à administração e à assistência ao indivíduo, estendendo-se à família e à comunidade

Acquired enamel pellicle protects gastroesophageal reflux disease patients against erosive tooth wear

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the protein profile of the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) formed in vivo in patients with or without gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and with or without erosive tooth wear (ETW). Twenty-four volunteers were divided into 3 groups: 1) GERD and ETW; 2) GERD without ETW; and 3) control (without GERD). The AEP formed 120 min after prophylaxis was collected from the lingual/palatal surfaces. The samples were subjected to mass spectrometry (nLC-ESI-MS/MS) and label-free quantification by Protein Lynx Global Service software. A total of 213 proteins were identified, or 119, 92 and 106 from each group, respectively. Group 2 showed a high number of phosphorylated and calcium-binding proteins. Twenty-three proteins were found in all the groups, including 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta and 1-phosphatidylinositol. Several intracellular proteins that join saliva after the exfoliation of oral mucosa cells might have the potential to bind hydroxyapatite, or participate in forming supramolecular aggregates that bind to precursor proteins in the AEP. Proteins might play a central role in protecting the dental surface against acid dissolution

Local hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types