Análisis del pronunciamiento y condena en costas procesales en el proceso mercantil

Este trabajo consiste en el desarrollo de estudio empírico que tiene por objetivo mostrar la aplicación de la regulación sobre la materia de costas procesales en el ámbito práctico. En primer lugar, se ha determinado el contenido del cual posteriormente se someterá a análisis. Se ha concretado el concepto de costas procesales, así como la determinación de las reglas de aplicación en primera instancia como en segunda. Luego se ha explicado cómo se ha obtenido de la muestra sometida a este estudio, concretamente las 110 sentencias de la Audiencia Provincial de Barcelona, sección quince. A continuación, se ha procedido a la comprobación efectiva en la práctica del contenido teórico visto en los apartados anteriores con la ayuda de una serie de gráficos y tablas de propia elaboración. Este estudio se ha dividido en dos apartados, en primer lugar, lo referido a costas procesales de primera instancia y el segundo lo mismo, pero en el ámbito de segunda instancia. Luego, se ha estudiado cual si afecta o no de la materia objetivo de litigo sobre la condena en costas. Y por último se ha determinado cual es el porcentaje de recuperación de costas procesales en función de la instancia que se trate y luego de manera general. Posteriormente, se han determinado unos apartados donde se ha observado de una sola instancia, ya sea porque solo se produce en esa o porque no se han podido obtener los datos necesarios para el análisis. Se ha observará únicamente en primera instancia los casos donde el juez de AP modifica la condena en costas que emitió el juez de primera instancia. Y se determinará en segunda instancia exclusivamente, cuáles son los motivos que alegan los jueces para apartarse de la regla general de imposición de costas procesales. Una vez analizado y estudiado estos datos se ha observado en las conclusiones extraídas de toda esta información con tal de poder determinar si existe o no una efectiva aplicabilidad de la ley

Survey of transcripts expressed by the invasive juvenile stage of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The common liver fluke <it>Fasciola hepatica </it>is the agent of a zoonosis with significant economic consequences in livestock production worldwide, and increasing relevance to human health in developing countries. Although flukicidal drugs are available, re-infection and emerging resistance are demanding new efficient and inexpensive control strategies. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the host-parasite interaction provide relevant clues in this search, while enlightening the physiological adaptations to parasitism. Genomics and transcriptomics are still in their infancy in <it>F. hepatica</it>, with very scarce information available from the invasive newly excysted juveniles (NEJ). Here we provide an initial glimpse to the transcriptomics of the NEJ, the first stage to interact with the mammalian host.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We catalogued more than 500 clusters generated from the analysis of <it>F. hepatica </it>juvenile expressed sequence tags (EST), several of them not detected in the adult stage. A set of putative <it>F. hepatica </it>specific transcripts, and a group of sequences conserved exclusively in flatworms were identified. These novel sequences along with a set of parasite transcripts absent in the host genomes are putative new targets for future anti-parasitic drugs or vaccine development.</p> <p>Comparisons of the <it>F. hepatica </it>sequences with other metazoans genomes or EST databases were consistent with the basal positioning of flatworms in the bilaterian phylogeny. Notably, GC content, codon usage and amino acid frequencies are remarkably different in Schistosomes to <it>F. hepatica </it>and other trematodes.</p> <p>Functional annotation of predicted proteins showed a general representation of diverse biological functions. Besides proteases and antioxidant enzymes expected to participate in the early interaction with the host, various proteins involved in gene expression, protein synthesis, cell signaling and mitochondrial enzymes were identified. Differential expression of secreted protease gene family members between juvenile and adult stages may respond to different needs during host colonization.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The knowledge of the genes expressed by the invasive stage of <it>Fasciola hepatica </it>is a starting point to unravel key aspects of this parasite's biology. The integration of the emerging transcriptomics, and proteomics data and the advent of functional genomics tools in this organism are positioning <it>F. hepatica </it>as an interesting model for trematode biology.</p

Survey of transcripts expressed by the invasive juvenile stage of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The common liver fluke <it>Fasciola hepatica </it>is the agent of a zoonosis with significant economic consequences in livestock production worldwide, and increasing relevance to human health in developing countries. Although flukicidal drugs are available, re-infection and emerging resistance are demanding new efficient and inexpensive control strategies. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the host-parasite interaction provide relevant clues in this search, while enlightening the physiological adaptations to parasitism. Genomics and transcriptomics are still in their infancy in <it>F. hepatica</it>, with very scarce information available from the invasive newly excysted juveniles (NEJ). Here we provide an initial glimpse to the transcriptomics of the NEJ, the first stage to interact with the mammalian host.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We catalogued more than 500 clusters generated from the analysis of <it>F. hepatica </it>juvenile expressed sequence tags (EST), several of them not detected in the adult stage. A set of putative <it>F. hepatica </it>specific transcripts, and a group of sequences conserved exclusively in flatworms were identified. These novel sequences along with a set of parasite transcripts absent in the host genomes are putative new targets for future anti-parasitic drugs or vaccine development.</p> <p>Comparisons of the <it>F. hepatica </it>sequences with other metazoans genomes or EST databases were consistent with the basal positioning of flatworms in the bilaterian phylogeny. Notably, GC content, codon usage and amino acid frequencies are remarkably different in Schistosomes to <it>F. hepatica </it>and other trematodes.</p> <p>Functional annotation of predicted proteins showed a general representation of diverse biological functions. Besides proteases and antioxidant enzymes expected to participate in the early interaction with the host, various proteins involved in gene expression, protein synthesis, cell signaling and mitochondrial enzymes were identified. Differential expression of secreted protease gene family members between juvenile and adult stages may respond to different needs during host colonization.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The knowledge of the genes expressed by the invasive stage of <it>Fasciola hepatica </it>is a starting point to unravel key aspects of this parasite's biology. The integration of the emerging transcriptomics, and proteomics data and the advent of functional genomics tools in this organism are positioning <it>F. hepatica </it>as an interesting model for trematode biology.</p

The role of diacylglycerol lipase in constitutive and angiotensin AT(1) receptor-stimulated cannabinoid CB1 receptor activity

The cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) is,a G protein-coupled receptor, which couples to the G(i/o) family of heterotrimeric G proteins. The receptor displays both basal and agonist-induced signaling and internalization. Although basal activity of CBIRs is attributed to constitutive (agonist-independent) receptor activity, studies in neurons suggested a role of postsynaptic endocannabinoid (eCB) release in the persistent activity of presynaptic CB1Rs. To elucidate the role of eCBs in basal CB1R activity, we have investigated the role of diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) in this process in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which are not targeted specifically with I Agonist-induced G protein activation was determined by detecting dissociation G protein subunits expressed in CHO cells with bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), after labeling the alpha and beta subunits with Renilla luciferase and enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP), respectively. Pre-incubation of the cells with tetrahydrolipstatin (THL), a known inhibitor of DAGLs, caused inhibition of the basal activity of CBIR. Moreover, preincubation of CHO and cultured hippocampal neurons with THL increased the number of CBIRs on the cell membrane, which reflects its inhibitory action on CB1R internalization in non-simulated cells. In CHO cells co-expressing CB1R and angiotensin AT(1) receptors, angiotensin II-induced Go protein activation that was blocked by both a CBIR antagonist and THL. These data indicate that cell-derived I mediators have a general role in the basal activity of CB1Rs in non-neural cells and neurons, and that this mechanism can be stimulated by AT(1) receptor activation

Differential β-arrestin2 requirements for constitutive and agonist-induced internalization of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor

CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) undergoes both constitutive and agonist-induced internalization, but the underlying mechanisms of these processes and the role of beta-arrestins in the regulation of CB1R function are not completely understood. In this study, we followed CB1R internalization using confocal microscopy and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer measurements in HeLa and Neuro-2a cells. We found that upon activation CB1R binds beta-arrestin2 (beta-arr2), but not beta-arrestin1. Furthermore, both the expression of dominant-negative beta-arr2 (beta-arr2-V54D) and siRNA-mediated knock-down of beta-arr2 impaired the agonist-induced internalization of CB1R. In contrast, neither beta-arr2-V54D nor beta-arr2-specific siRNA had a significant effect on the constitutive internalization of CB1R. However, both constitutive and agonist-induced internalization of CB1R were impaired by siRNA-mediated depletion of clathrin heavy chain. We conclude that although clathrin is required for both constitutive and agonist-stimulated internalization of CB1R, beta-arr2 binding is only required for agonist-induced internalization of the receptor suggesting that the molecular mechanisms underlying constitutive and agonist-induced internalization of CB1R are different

Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol reverses TNFα-induced increase in airway epithelial cell permeability through CB2 receptors

Despite pharmacological treatment, bronchial hyperresponsiveness continues to deteriorate as airway remodelling persists in airway inflammation. Previous studies have demonstrated that the phytocannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)reverses bronchoconstriction with an anti-inflammatory action. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of THC on bronchial epithelial cell permeability after exposure to the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNFα. Calu-3 bronchial epithelial cells were cultured at air-liquid interface. Changes in epithelial permeability were measured using transepithelial electrical resistance(TEER), then confirmed with a paracellular permeability assay and expression of tight junction proteins by Western blotting.Treatment with THC prevented the TNFα-induced decrease in TEER and increase in paracellular permeability. Cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor-like immunoreactivity was found in Calu-3 cells. Subsequent experiments revealed that pharmacological blockade of CB2, but not CB1 receptor inhibited the THC effect. Selective stimulation of CB2 receptors displayed a similar effect to that of THC. TNFα decreased expression of the tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1, which was prevented by pre-incubation with THC.These data indicate that THC prevents cytokine-induced increase in airway epithelial permeability through CB2 receptor activation. This highlights that THC, or other cannabinoid receptor ligands, could be beneficial in the prevention of inflammation induced changes in airway epithelial cell permeability, an important feature of airways diseases

Synthesis of bioorganometallic nanomolar-potent CB2agonists containing a ferrocene unit

A small library of ferrocene-containing amides has been synthesized using standard amide coupling chemistry with ferrocenylamine. Ferrocene analogues of known bioactive adamantylamides were shown to be effective cannabinoid receptor (CB1 and CB2) agonists, displaying, in many cases, single-digit nanomolar potency. Three final ferrocene-containing derivatives have been characterized in the solid state by X-ray crystallography and display intramolecular hydrogen bonding of the type NH---C═O. N-Methylation of the amide, confirmed by X-ray crystallography, leads to both loss of hydrogen bonding and biological activity

Cannabis sativa and the endogenous cannabinoid system: therapeutic potential for appetite regulation

The herb Cannabis sativa (C. sativa) has been used in China and on the Indian subcontinent for thousands of years as a medicine. However, since it was brought to the UK and then the rest of the western world in the late 19th century, its use has been a source of controversy. Indeed, its psychotropic side effects are well reported but only relatively recently has scientific endeavour begun to find valuable uses for either the whole plant or its individual components. Here, we discuss evidence describing the endocannabinoid system, its endogenous and exogenous ligands and their varied effects on feeding cycles and meal patterns. Furthermore we also critically consider the mounting evidence which suggests non‐tetrahydrocannabinol phytocannabinoids play a vital role in C. sativa‐induced feeding pattern changes. Indeed, given the wide range of phytocannabinoids present in C. sativa and their equally wide range of intra‐, inter‐ and extra‐cellular mechanisms of action, we demonstrate that non‐Δ9tetrahydrocannabinol phytocannabinoids retain an important and, as yet, untapped clinical potential