Interrelationship Between Librarians\u27 Level of Knowledge of Information Technologies and their Attitudes in Applying These Technologies in Libraries

The paper presents librarians’ attitudes toward information technology, their level of knowledge in IT, and their relationship with each other. Secondary data was collected through review of the relevant literature. Primary data was collected through a questionnaire survey of 244 librarians of libraries in Pakistan. The study revealed that awareness of the potential of IT, recency of attaining professional qualifications, and knowledge in IT had a significant relationship with librarians’ attitudes. The study also revealed that librarians’ level of knowledge in technology is a good predictor of their attitude toward application of information technology in libraries. Based on the findings, the paper puts forward recommendations to improve the librarians’ attitudes toward IT applications in Pakistan and other developing countrie

Interrelationship Between Librarians\u27 Level of Knowledge of Information Technologies and their Attitudes in Applying These Technologies in Libraries

The paper presents librarians’ attitudes toward information technology, their level of knowledge in IT, and their relationship with each other. Secondary data was collected through review of the relevant literature. Primary data was collected through a questionnaire survey of 244 librarians of libraries in Pakistan. The study revealed that awareness of the potential of IT, recency of attaining professional qualifications, and knowledge in IT had a significant relationship with librarians’ attitudes. The study also revealed that librarians’ level of knowledge in technology is a good predictor of their attitude toward application of information technology in libraries. Based on the findings, the paper puts forward recommendations to improve the librarians’ attitudes toward IT applications in Pakistan and other developing countrie

Poetic Craft in Syed Masood Hassan Shahab Dehlvi's Jang Nama

Poetry after battles and wars between generations created masterpieces. These masterpieces remain constant in the history and memory of nations. 1965 Pak-India war inherited epic poetry to Urdu Literature. Shahab Dehlvi's epic poem "Jang Nama" is a work of art. He has narrated the story of the seventeen days of the Pak-India war. There are some art and craft problems in the poems of this war. Shahab Dehlvi has used his artistic skills beautifully to make "Jang Naama" a memorable poem. Particularly, the use of artistic innovations of poetry made this poem a great piece of Urdu epic poetry. Some technical terms of Urdu poetry such as Talmeeh, Irsaad, Trafuq, Maraatun nazeer, exaggeration, iham are crafted in this poem

Changing Demographics and Economic Growth: A Case Study of Pakistan

The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between various demographic variables and economic growth of Pakistan for the period of 1980-2012. Time series econometric technique has been used for the analysis. Johansen’s co-integration test showed presence of long run relationship between different demographic variables. After establishing the presence of error correction term in the model, variance decomposition test has been used to identify the individual shocks between the variables. The study concludes that the demographic transition has very important role in the economic growth of Pakistan

COMPARISON OF EARLY POSTOPERATIVE PAIN FOLLOWING LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY WITH AND WITHOUT PORT SITE & INTRAPERITONEAL BUPIVACAINE

Objective: to compare mean early postoperative pain score with and without use of port site & intraperitoneal bupivacaine in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anaesthesia. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial Setting: Department of Anaesthesia, Mayo Hospital Lahore Duration Of Study: from April 2012 to October 2012. Material & methods: 100 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomized in two groups (50 in each). Patients in study group(Group-A) received 20ml of intraperitoneal bupivacaine 0.25% and another 20ml of 0.25% bupivacaine for infiltration at port sites(5 ml at each). No intervention was done with patients in study group (Group-B). Assessment of early postoperative pain was done at 0, 2, 4 and 6 hours and two groups were compared. Results: Mean age in the study was calculated as 39.42 ± 4.27 years in group A and 37.88 ± 4.03 years in group B. Regarding gender distribution, 18 %( n=9) in Group-A and 28 %( n=14) in Group-B were males while 82 %( n=41) in Group-A and 72 %( n=36) in Group-B were females. Mean pain score was recorded at 0, 2, 4 and 6 hours postoperatively. Mean pain score at 0 hour was 2.28 ± 0.99 in Group-A and 2.26 ± 0.98 in Group-B; p value was recorded as 0.920, which is insignificant. Similarly, there was no significant difference (p=0.068) between the groups regarding mean pain score at 2 hours which was recorded as 4.580 ± 0.57 in group A and 4.808 ± 0.80 in Group B respectively. Mean pain score at 4 hour was 4.20 ± 0.80 in group A and 5.86 ± 0.94 in group B (p=0.000) while at 6 hour it was 5.02 ± 0.91 in group A and 7.16 ± 1.36 in group B (p=0.000). Conclusion: We concluded that the use of port site and intraperitoneal bupivacaine is simple, safe, non-invasive and effective in decreasing early postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Keywords: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, early post-operative pain, bupivacaine, mean pain score

Climate Changes Awareness among Young Social Media Users

Our climate is changing so fast and influencing all aspects of our life. Serious efforts are needed to make our youth aware of environmental changes happening in our localities and globally. Youth is heavily using social media these days. Therefore, it is imperative to understand how informed are our young boys and girls of changings occurring in our climates and then educate them to cope with these changes. This study investigated levels of awareness about climate changes amid social media users and non-users amongst youth in Pakistan. Primary data was collected through 187 randomly sampled young college and university students on a Social Media Usage Scale and Climate Change Awareness Scale. Findings revealed significant difference among social media users and non-users concerning awareness about climate changes. Respondents also have different levels of interest in climate changes based on their age, gender, level of education and other factors. Effectiveness of social media in creating awareness amongst youth has been determined a significant factor in protection of our climate and ultimately living conditions. Empirical data generated through this empirical research will go a long way for policy-makers, teachers, parents and other stakeholders to plan for climate protection of our regions and the planet earth

Perceived Information Literacy Skills among University Students at AzadJammu&Kashmir

The present study was conducted with an aim to determine the perceived information literacy skills among university students at Azad Jammu & Kashmir. A survey research design was used to collect data from the participants. The population of this study was post-graduate students enrolled in public sector universities of AJ&K. A convenience sampling technique was used to collect the data. A statistical package for social sciences (SPSS-20) was used for the analysis of data. Descriptive statistics was used to determine the percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation, and the inferential statistic was used to determine relationships among variables. The result of the study found that the majority of the respondents have ability to recognize, understand, locate, evaluate, use, communicate, and manage required information (M=3.77). However, few of them were facing difficulties, while using digital information resources due to poor ICT skills (M=3.62). The results of the study also revealed that a good number of information resources were available in university libraries but they were not properly utilized due to a lack of information literacy skills (M=3.56). Lack of information literacy training and workshops were the main barriers faced by respondents while acquiring information literacy skills (M=3.56). Moreover, it was found that a statistically significant relationship (P= .000) exists between the age of the respondents and their information literacy skills. This shows that the age of the respondents and information literacy skills were correlated with each other. The significance value (P=.001) indicated that the gender of the respondents and their level of information literacy skills were also correlated. Further, the statistical value (P=. 218) indicated that the level of degree and information literacy skills of respondents were not correlated

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Information and Communication Technologies Enabled Paradigm Shift and New Practices in Libraries

Traditionally libraries have been dealing with the recorded knowledge. The changes in the formats of writing and access have historically influenced the libraries use of technologies. However, the wonderful invention of computer and information access technologies has drastically influenced recording, organization and access to knowledge. Since then the libraries are in a continued change mood. The shifts from physical to virtual, direct access to authors and instant access to globally available knowledge from remote locations are changing the whole scenario of the library profession. Academic libraries being in the forefront of the creation and use of scholarship and knowledge are confronting the innovations influenced by the disruptive technologies. These technologies have impacted library practices significantly. This study is an effort to trace what has happened in the developed world in terms of information and communication technology applications in their libraries & their user expectations, and where we stand in this global phenomenon