Creencias de estudiantes de educación física para enseñanza del deporte

The objective of this study was to analyze the beliefs of undergraduates about the strategies for teaching sports at the beginning of their Bachelors degree in Physical Education at a public university in Southern Brazil. A qualitative, descriptive and interpretive research approach was adopted through multiple case studies. Eight bachelor students in Physical Education participated in the study. To collect the data, we used a combination of structured and semi-structured interview procedures, systematic observation, and memory stimulation. Content analysis was used from categories determined a priori. The results indicated that the students have beliefs that favor strategies focused on analytical learning tasks, verbal management interventions, prescriptive pedagogical feedbacks, and positive evaluations. These beliefs were developed mainly through personal practical experiences in competitive sports as well as through observation of coaches or teachers and verbal orientations received from coaches and peers. The undergraduates’ beliefs about teaching strategies represent a particular conceptual model, with structures similar to directive teaching models. Thus, we conclude that the prolonged contact of the undergraduates with various learning situations in sports contributed to the memorization of concepts, values, and teaching behaviors, which enabled and conditioned the construction of one own model of teaching sports.El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las creencias de los estudiantes de Educación Física de una universidad pública brasileña, acerca de las estrategias para la enseñanza de los deportes. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, descriptiva e interpretativa con procedimientos de estudio de casos múltiplos de ocho estudiantes de licenciatura en Educación Física. Los datos fueron obtenidos por medio de la combinación de procedimientos de entrevista, observación sistemática y estimulación de la memoria. Para el análisis de contenido se utilizó categorías determinadas a priori. Los resultados indicaron que los estudiantes presentaron creencias que favorecen estrategias enfocadas en tareas analíticas de aprendizaje, intervenciones verbales de manejo de clase, feedbacks pedagógicos prescriptivos y evaluativos positivos. Estas creencias se desarrollaron a través de experiencias prácticas personales en deportes competitivos, la observación de entrenadores o maestros, y en las orientaciones verbales recibidas de entrenadores y compañeros. Las creencias de los estudiantes retratan un modelo conceptual particular, con estructuras similares a los modelos de enseñanza directiva. Se concluyó que el contacto prolongado de los estudiantes en situaciones de aprendizaje en los deportes contribuyó a la memorización de conceptos, valores y comportamientos de enseñanza, condicionando la construcción de su modelo personal de enseñanza de los deportes.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Creencias de estudiantes de educación física para enseñanza del deporte

The objective of this study was to analyze the beliefs of undergraduates about the strategies for teaching sports at the beginning of their Bachelors degree in Physical Education at a public university in Southern Brazil. A qualitative, descriptive and interpretive research approach was adopted through multiple case studies. Eight bachelor students in Physical Education participated in the study. To collect the data, we used a combination of structured and semi-structured interview procedures, systematic observation, and memory stimulation. Content analysis was used from categories determined a priori. The results indicated that the students have beliefs that favor strategies focused on analytical learning tasks, verbal management interventions, prescriptive pedagogical feedbacks, and positive evaluations. These beliefs were developed mainly through personal practical experiences in competitive sports as well as through observation of coaches or teachers and verbal orientations received from coaches and peers. The undergraduates’ beliefs about teaching strategies represent a particular conceptual model, with structures similar to directive teaching models. Thus, we conclude that the prolonged contact of the undergraduates with various learning situations in sports contributed to the memorization of concepts, values, and teaching behaviors, which enabled and conditioned the construction of one own model of teaching sports.El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las creencias de los estudiantes de Educación Física de una universidad pública brasileña, acerca de las estrategias para la enseñanza de los deportes. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, descriptiva e interpretativa con procedimientos de estudio de casos múltiplos de ocho estudiantes de licenciatura en Educación Física. Los datos fueron obtenidos por medio de la combinación de procedimientos de entrevista, observación sistemática y estimulación de la memoria. Para el análisis de contenido se utilizó categorías determinadas a priori. Los resultados indicaron que los estudiantes presentaron creencias que favorecen estrategias enfocadas en tareas analíticas de aprendizaje, intervenciones verbales de manejo de clase, feedbacks pedagógicos prescriptivos y evaluativos positivos. Estas creencias se desarrollaron a través de experiencias prácticas personales en deportes competitivos, la observación de entrenadores o maestros, y en las orientaciones verbales recibidas de entrenadores y compañeros. Las creencias de los estudiantes retratan un modelo conceptual particular, con estructuras similares a los modelos de enseñanza directiva. Se concluyó que el contacto prolongado de los estudiantes en situaciones de aprendizaje en los deportes contribuyó a la memorización de conceptos, valores y comportamientos de enseñanza, condicionando la construcción de su modelo personal de enseñanza de los deportes.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Creencias de estudiantes de educación física para enseñanza del deporte

The objective of this study was to analyze the beliefs of undergraduates about the strategies for teaching sports at the beginning of their Bachelors degree in Physical Education at a public university in Southern Brazil. A qualitative, descriptive and interpretive research approach was adopted through multiple case studies. Eight bachelor students in Physical Education participated in the study. To collect the data, we used a combination of structured and semi-structured interview procedures, systematic observation, and memory stimulation. Content analysis was used from categories determined a priori. The results indicated that the students have beliefs that favor strategies focused on analytical learning tasks, verbal management interventions, prescriptive pedagogical feedbacks, and positive evaluations. These beliefs were developed mainly through personal practical experiences in competitive sports as well as through observation of coaches or teachers and verbal orientations received from coaches and peers. The undergraduates’ beliefs about teaching strategies represent a particular conceptual model, with structures similar to directive teaching models. Thus, we conclude that the prolonged contact of the undergraduates with various learning situations in sports contributed to the memorization of concepts, values, and teaching behaviors, which enabled and conditioned the construction of one own model of teaching sports.El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las creencias de los estudiantes de Educación Física de una universidad pública brasileña, acerca de las estrategias para la enseñanza de los deportes. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, descriptiva e interpretativa con procedimientos de estudio de casos múltiplos de ocho estudiantes de licenciatura en Educación Física. Los datos fueron obtenidos por medio de la combinación de procedimientos de entrevista, observación sistemática y estimulación de la memoria. Para el análisis de contenido se utilizó categorías determinadas a priori. Los resultados indicaron que los estudiantes presentaron creencias que favorecen estrategias enfocadas en tareas analíticas de aprendizaje, intervenciones verbales de manejo de clase, feedbacks pedagógicos prescriptivos y evaluativos positivos. Estas creencias se desarrollaron a través de experiencias prácticas personales en deportes competitivos, la observación de entrenadores o maestros, y en las orientaciones verbales recibidas de entrenadores y compañeros. Las creencias de los estudiantes retratan un modelo conceptual particular, con estructuras similares a los modelos de enseñanza directiva. Se concluyó que el contacto prolongado de los estudiantes en situaciones de aprendizaje en los deportes contribuyó a la memorización de conceptos, valores y comportamientos de enseñanza, condicionando la construcción de su modelo personal de enseñanza de los deportes.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors

Local hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century