Temperament Pathways to Childhood Disruptive Behavior and Adolescent Substance Abuse: Testing a Cascade Model

Abstract Temperament traits may increase risk for developmental psychopathology like Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behaviors during childhood, as well as predisposing to substance abuse during adolescence. In the current study, a cascade model of trait pathways to adolescent substance abuse was examined. Component hypotheses were that (a) maladaptive traits would increase risk for inattention/hyperactivity, (b) inattention/hyperactivity would increase risk for disruptive behaviors, and (c) disruptive behaviors would lead to adolescent substance abuse. Participants were 674 children (486 boys) from 321 families in an ongoing, longitudinal high risk study that began when children were 3 years old. Temperament traits assessed were reactive control, resiliency, and negative emotionality, using examiner ratings on the California Q-Sort. Parent, teacher, and self ratings of inattention/hyperactivity, disruptive behaviors, and substance abuse were also obtained. Low levels of childhood reactive control, but not resiliency or negative emotionality, were associated with adolescent substance abuse, mediated by disruptive behaviors. Using a cascade model, family risk for substance abuse was partially mediated by reactive control, inattention/hyperactivity, and disruptive behavior. Some, but not all, temperament traits in childhood were related to adolescent substance abuse; these effects were mediated via inattentive/hyperactive and disruptive behaviors.This work was supported by NIAAA grant R01-AA12217 to Robert Zucker and Joel Nigg, NIAAA grant R37-AA07065 to Robert Zucker and Hiram Fitzgerald, and NIMH grant R01-MH59105 to Joel Nigg. Martel was supported by 1 F31 MH075533-01A2.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64507/1/#167, Martel 2009, Temperament path to disruptive behav and sub abuse JACP.pd

CMS physics technical design report : Addendum on high density QCD with heavy ions

Peer reviewe

Prenatal Cocaine Exposure Related to Cortisol Stress Reactivity in 11-Year-Old Children

OBJECTIVE: Determine the association between prenatal cocaine exposure and postnatal environmental adversity on salivary cortisol stress reactivity in school aged children. STUDY DESIGN: Subjects included 743 11 year old children (n=320 cocaine exposed; 423 comparison) followed since birth in a longitudinal prospective multisite study. Saliva samples were collected to measure cortisol at baseline and after a standardized procedure to induce psychological stress. Children were divided into those who showed an increase in cortisol from baseline to post stress and those who showed a decrease or blunted cortisol response. Covariates measured included site, birthweight, maternal pre and postnatal use of alcohol, tobacco or marijuana, social class, changes in caretakers, maternal depression and psychological symptoms, domestic and community violence, child abuse and quality of the home. RESULTS: With adjustment for confounding variables, cortisol reactivity to stress was more likely to be blunted in children with prenatal cocaine exposure. Cocaine exposed children exposed to domestic violence showed the strongest effects. CONCLUSION: The combination of prenatal cocaine exposure and an adverse postnatal environment could down regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) resulting in the blunted cortisol response to stress possibly increasing risk for later psychopathology and adult disease

Trasmissione dell\u2019attaccamento e Modello Dinamico-Maturativo.

Nel loro complesso, le ricerche sulle SS e le AAI, comprese quelle svolte nella prospettiva del DMM, sembrano confermare l\u2019ipotesi di una trasmissione intergenerazionale dell\u2019attaccamento: l\u2019attaccamento dei figli sembra influenzato da quello di entrambi genitori, ma l\u2019interpretazione dei dati \ue8 ancora poco chiara e alcuni problemi rimangono irrisolti. I risultati della maggior parte delle ricerche svolte nel passato provengono da campioni di famiglie europee o nordamericane di classe media e a basso rischio psicosociale. Nelle famiglie ad alto rischio i cui membri manifestano disturbi comportamentali o psichiatrici e in quelle che vivono in condizioni di grave pericolo (guerra, povert\ue0, carestia, regimi dittatoriali, emigrazione clandestina) i dati relativi alla trasmissione dell\u2019attaccamento non sono cos\uec lineari. In condizioni di pericolo, infatti, sembra manifestarsi una maggiore discontinuit\ue0 (oppure un\u2019inversione) dell\u2019attaccamento tra genitori e figli e una maggiore influenza da parte dell\u2019ambiente