Vibration analysis of a small diesel engine using diesel-biodiesel fuel blends

Biodiesel as an environmentally friendly fuel has the potential to provide comparable engine performance results.  Biodiesel is a renewable fuel produced from vegetable and seed oils, animal fats or waste edible oils.  Sound and vibration caused by the combustion process in the engine might have direct effects on users.   One of the important characteristics of diesel fuels is high noise and vibration.  The present study was carried out to examine the vibration of different diesel-biodiesel fuel blends in power tiller engine.  The main goal was to present fuels with the minimum vibration.  So, the time domain signals were analyzed in five levels of engine speed, three axes and six fuel blends on the engine.  The signal processing and statistical approach were applied for data analysis.  The results showed that in all engine speeds, the dominant frequency is matched to the piston stroke frequency of the engine, as well as the frequency of vibration with the increase of engine speed.  The experiments indicated that the magnitude of vibration in the power tiller engine depends on the axis of measurement, engine speed and the fuel blends.  Vibration acceleration is significantly affected by engine speed and the increase in forward speed due to the increase in vibration acceleration rms.  The results of the experiments revealed that vibration acceleration is significantly affected by the axis of measurement.  The magnitude of vibration acceleration in vertical axis was more than that in the other two axes and magnitude of vibration acceleration in the longitudinal axis was more than that in the lateral axis.  Fuel blends had significant effect on the vibration.  It demonstrated that B100, B5 and B20 have the lowest vibration.  On the contrary, B15 and B10 have the highest vibration.   Keywords: vibration analysis, power tiller, time domain, frequency domain, diesel-biodiesel fuel blend

A 24-month updated analysis of the comparative effectiveness of ZUMA-5 (axi-cel) vs. SCHOLAR-5 external control in relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma

Follicular lymphoma; Axicabtagene ciloleucel; Comparative effectivenessLimfoma fol·licular; Axicabtagene ciloleucel; Eficàcia comparativaLinfoma folicular; Axicabtagene ciloleucel; Eficacia comparativaBackground In the ZUMA-5 trial (Clinical trials identification: NCT03105336), axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel; a chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy) demonstrated high rates of durable response in relapsed/refractory (r/r) follicular lymphoma (FL) patients and clear superiority relative to the SCHOLAR-5 external control cohort. We update this comparison using the ZUMA-5 24-month data. Research design and methods The SCHOLAR-5 cohort is comprised of r/r FL patients who initiated ≥3rd line of therapy after July 2014 and meeting ZUMA-5 eligibility criteria. Groups were balanced for patient characteristics through propensity scoring on prespecified prognostic factors using standardized mortality ratio (SMR) weighting. The overall response rate was compared using a weighted logistic regression. Time-to-event outcomes were evaluated using a Cox regression. Results For SCHOLAR-5, the sum of weights for the 143 patients was 85 after SMR weighting, versus 86 patients in ZUMA-5. The median follow-up was 29.4 months and 25.4 months for ZUMA-5 and SCHOLAR-5, respectively. The hazard ratios for overall survival and progression-free survival were 0.52 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28–0.95) and 0.28 (95% CI: 0.17–0.45), favoring axi-cel. Conclusion This updated analysis, using a longer minimum follow-up than a previously published analysis, shows that the improved efficacy of axi-cel, relative to available therapies, in r/r FL is durable.This manuscript was funded by Kite, a Gilead Company

ПЕТРОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ И СТРУКТУРНЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ МЕДНО-ПОРФИРОВОГО ОРУДЕНЕНИЯ В РУДОПРОЯВЛЕНИИ АСТАНЕ СРЕДНЕЙ ЧАСТИ МАГМАТИЧЕСКОЙ ДУГИ УРУМИЕ-ДОХТАР (ИРАН)

Within the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc in the central part of Iran, the formation of which is associated with the Neotethys closure, there are many porphyry copper deposits and ore occurrences. One of them is the Astaneh porphyry copper ore deposit, located in the central part of the Saveh-Ardestan ore region southeast of Ardestan city. The purpose of this study is to investigate the petrochemical characteristics of rocks and to determine the relationship between the distribution of porphyry copper mineralization and tectonic position of faults within the study area. To achieve the goal, there were used the structural and geological data obtained in the fieldwork, as well as the results of mineralogical and geochemical analyses. The obtained results show that rocks of different composition of the Astaneh ore deposit (andesite, andesite-basalt, basalt, trachybasalt) were formed in the suprasubduction zone, and probably in the environment prior to the collision of the of continental plates. Paragenetic relationships and mineralogical analysis show that the evolution of mineralization of the Astaneh ore deposit can be divided into three stages: pre-ore, hypogene and supergene mineralization. Geochemical research based on the study of the content of the major chemical elements in the rocks of the region shows that igneous rocks belong to calc-alkaline basalts and geodynamically can be attributed to the products of magmatism of the ensial island arc. The results concluded that the main stages of the formation of a porphyry copper ore deposit in the study area attain maximum spatio-temporal similarity with the tectonomagmatic phases of the development of the Neotethys Ocean. In addition, the Southern Ardestan fault, running through the study area and intersecting the basement structures, forms wide permeable zones favorable for the formation of porphyry copper deposits therein.В пределах магматической дуги Уромие-Дохтар в центральной части Ирана, образование которой связано с закрытием Неотетиса, расположено множество медно-порфировых месторождений и рудопроявлений. Одно из них – медно-порфировое рудопроявление Астане, которое находится в центральной части рудного района Саве-Ардестан, расположенного юго-западнее г. Ардестан. Целью данного исследования является изучение петрохимических характеристик горных пород и определение взаимосвязи между распределением меднопорфирового оруденения и положением тектонических разломов в пределах изучаемой территории. Для достижения цели были использованы структурно-геологические и минералого-геохимические данные, полученные как в ходе проведения полевых работ, так и по результатам лабораторных исследований. Результаты исследования доказывают, что разнообразные по составу горные породы рудопроявления Астане (андезит, андезибазальт, базальт, трахибазальт) сформировались в надсубдукционной зоне и, вероятно, в обстановке, предшествовавшей столкновению континентальных плит. Парагенетические связи и минералогический анализ показали, что эволюция минерализации рудопроявления Астане может быть разделена на три этапа: дорудный, рудный и гипергенный. Геохимические исследования, основанные на изучении содержания главных химических элементов в породах района, определяют, что магматические породы относятся к известково-щелочным базальтам и со стороны геодинамической обстановки могут быть отнесены к продуктам магматизма континентальной островной дуги энсиалического типа. В результате изучения был сделан вывод о том, что основные этапы формирования медно-порфирового рудопроявления на исследуемой территории демонстрируют максимальное временное и пространственное сходство с тектономагматическими фазами развития океана Неотетис. Кроме того, разлом Южный Ардестан, проходящий через изучаемую территорию и секущий структуры фундамента, образует широкие проницаемые зоны, благоприятные для формирования медно-порфировых рудопроявлений

Treatment patterns and outcomes in relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma: results from the international SCHOLAR-5 study

The SCHOLAR-5 study examines treatment patterns and outcomes of real-world follicular lymphoma (FL) patients on 3rd line of treatment (LoT) or higher, for whom existing data are limited. SCHOLAR-5 is a retrospective cohort study using data from adults (≥ 18 years) with grade 1-3a FL, initiating ≥3rd LoT after June 2014 at major lymphoma centers in the United States (US) and Europe. Objective response rate (ORR), complete response (CR), progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed by LoT. Time-to-event outcomes were assessed using Kaplan-Meier methods. Of 128 patients, 87 initiated 3rd LoT, 63 initiated 4th LoT, and 47 initiated 5th LoT. At 1st eligible LoT, 31% progressed within 24-months of 1st LoT anti-CD20 combination therapy, 28% had prior autologous stem-cell transplantation, and 31% were refractory to the previous LoT. The most common regimen in each LoT was chemoimmunotherapy; however, experimental drugs were increasingly used at later LoTs. In the US, anti-CD20 monotherapy was more common at ≥3rd LoT compared to Europe, where stem cell transplants were more common. ORR at 3rd LoT was 68% (CR 44%), but decreased after each LoT to 37% (CR 22%) in ≥5 LoT. Median OS and PFS at 3rd LoT were 68 and 11 months, respectively, and reduced to 43 and 4 months at ≥5 LoT. Treatments were heterogenous at each LoT in both the US and Europe. Few FL patients achieved complete response in later LoT, and duration of response and survival diminished with each subsequent line

On the interpretation of in situ HONO observations via photochemical steady state

A substantial body of recent literature has shown that boundary layer HONO levels are higher than can be explained by simple, established gas-phase chemistry, to an extent that implies that additional HONO sources represent a major, or the dominant, precursor to OH radicals in such environments. This conclusion may be reached by analysis of point observations of (for example) OH, NO and HONO, alongside photochemical parameters; however both NO and HONO have non-negligible atmospheric lifetimes, so these approaches may be problematic if substantial spatial heterogeneity exists. We report a new dataset of HONO, NOx and HOx observations recorded at an urban background location, which support the existence of additional HONO sources as determined elsewhere. We qualitatively evaluate the possible impacts of local heterogeneity using a series of idealised numerical model simulations, building upon the work of Lee et al. (J. Geophys. Res., 2013, DOI: 10.1002/2013JD020341). The simulations illustrate the time required for photostationary state approaches to yield accurate results following substantial perturbations in the HOx/NOx/NOy chemistry, and the scope for bias to an inferred HONO source from NOx and VOC emissions in either a positive or negative sense, depending upon the air mass age following emission. To assess the extent to which these impacts may be present in actual measurements, we present exploratory spatially resolved measurements of HONO and NOx abundance obtained using a mobile instrumented laboratory. Measurements of the spatial variability of HONO in urban, suburban and rural environments show pronounced changes in abundance are found in proximity to major roads within urban areas, indicating that photo-stationary steady state (PSS) analyses in such areas are likely to be problematic. The measurements also show areas of very homogeneous HONO and NOx abundance in rural, and some suburban, regions, where the PSS approach is likely to be valid. Implications for future exploration of HONO production mechanisms are discussed

A comparison of HONO budgets for two measurement heights at a field station within the boreal forest in Finland

Peer reviewe

The summertime Boreal forest field measurement intensive (HUMPPA-COPEC-2010): an overview of meteorological and chemical influences

This paper describes the background, instrumentation, goals, and the regional influences on the HUMPPA-COPEC intensive field measurement campaign, conducted at the Boreal forest research station SMEAR II (Station for Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relation) in Hyytiälä, Finland from 12 July–12 August 2010. The prevailing meteorological conditions during the campaign are examined and contrasted with those of the past six years. Back trajectory analyses show that meteorological conditions at the site in 2010 were characterized by a higher proportion of southerly flow than in the other years studied. As a result the summer of 2010 was anomalously warm and high in ozone making the campaign relevant for the analysis of possible future climates. A comprehensive land use analysis, provided on both 5 and 50 km scales, shows that the main vegetation types surrounding the site on both the regional and local scales are: coniferous forest (Scots pine and/or Norway spruce); mixed forest (Birch and conifers); and woodland scrub (e.g. Willows, Aspen); indicating that the campaign results can be taken as representative of the Boreal forest ecosystem. In addition to the influence of biogenic emissions, the measurement site was occasionally impacted by sources other than vegetation. Specific tracers have been used here to identify the time periods when such sources have impacted the site namely: biomass burning (acetonitrile and CO), urban anthropogenic pollution (pentane and SO<sub>2</sub>) and the nearby Korkeakoski sawmill (enantiomeric ratio of chiral monoterpenes). None of these sources dominated the study period, allowing the Boreal forest summertime emissions to be assessed and contrasted with various other source signatures

Case study of the diurnal variability of chemically active species with respect to boundary layer dynamics during DOMINO

We study the interactions between atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) dynamics and atmospheric chemistry using a mixed-layer model coupled to chemical reaction schemes. Guided by both atmospheric and chemical measurements obtained during the DOMINO (Diel Oxidant Mechanisms in relation to Nitrogen Oxides) campaign (2008), numerical experiments are performed to study the role of ABL dynamics and the accuracy of chemical schemes with different complexity: the Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4) and a reduced mechanism of this chemical system. Both schemes produce satisfactory results, indicating that the reduced scheme is capable of reproducing the O3-NOx-VOC-HOx diurnal cycle during conditions characterized by a low NOx regime and small O3 tendencies (less than 1 ppb per hour). By focusing on the budget equations of chemical species in the mixedlayer model, we show that for species like O3, NO and NO2, the influence of entrainment and boundary layer growth is of the same order as chemical production/loss. This indicates that an accurate representation of ABL processes is crucial in understanding the diel cycle of chemical species. By comparing the time scales of chemical reactive species with the mixing time scale of turbulence, we propose a classification based on the Damk¨ohler number to further determine the importance of dynamics on chemistry during field campaigns. Our findings advocate an integrated approach, simultaneously solving the ABL dynamics and chemical reactions, in order to obtain a better understanding of chemical pathways and processes and the interpretation of the results obtained during measurement campaigns