Comparative analisys of dinamics models of a fixed speed wind turbine

En  este  artículo,  se  presenta  un  análisis comparativo  del  comportamiento  dinámico  de los modelos reducido y completo de una turbina eólica  de  velocidad  fija.  La  herramienta informática  utilizada  en  la  realización  de simulaciones es la plataforma Simulink/Matlab.El  principal  objetivo  de  este  estudio,  es demostrar la influencia del flujo del estator y de del  acoplamiento  mecánico  en  la  respuesta transtoria  de  las  turbinas  eólicas  de  velocidad fija.  Asimismo, se ha analizado la influencia en el comportamiento dinámico de otros parámetros característicos  de  la  turbina  eólica,  como  la potencia  reactiva  aportada  por  la  batería  de condensadores y la inercia del generador y de las palas del rotor eólico.In this article, a comparative analysis of the dynamic behavior of reduced and full of a wind turbine fixed speed models are presented. The tool used in performing simulations is the Simulink / Matlab platform. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the influence of the stator flux and the mechanical coupling of fixed speed wind turbine dynamic response. It has also analyzed the influence on the dynamic behavior of other characteristic parameters of the wind turbine, such as reactive power supplied by the capacitor bank and the inertia of the generator and wind rotor blades

Impacto de la simulación Montecarlo de carga no controlada de vehículos eléctricos en la generación distribuida

La carga no controlada de vehículos eléctricos plantea un gran desafío para los operadores de redes de dis tribución y los planificadores de sistemas de potencia. En lugar de focalizarse en el control de esta carga no controlada, se propone un modelo que utiliza va riables de análisis de contingencias para calcular la capacidad de potencia necesaria en el sistema de po tencia. Se emplea la variable de potencia no servida para evaluar la cantidad de potencia de carga no cu bierta en cada barra del sistema, seguido del cálculo de la capacidad de potencia adicional requerida, uti lizando un sistema fotovoltaico y de almacenamiento y otra alternativa de generación constante en el sis tema de potencia IEEE de 14 barras con información sobre algunos vehículos eléctricos y la carga diaria en el sistema de potencia de Perú. Los resultados obtenidos en el sistema de potencia con generación distribuida muestran que no hay presencia de potencia no servida, corroborando el éxito de la metodología utilizada. Este modelo brinda herramientas tanto a los operadores de redes de distribución como a los planificadores de sistemas de potencia, reduciendo el impacto en el sistema de potencia de los vehículos eléctricos y aportando una metodología aplicable a otros sistemas de distribución eléctrica con cargas no controladas.//The uncontrolled charging of electric vehicles poses a great challenge for distribution network operators and power system planners. Instead of focusing on controlling this uncontrolled load, a model that uses contingency analysis variables to calculate the power capacity needed in the power system is proposed. The unserved power variable is used to evaluate the amount of uncovered load power at each bus of the system, followed by the calculation of the additional power capacity required using a photovoltaic and storage system and another constant generation al ternative in the 14-bus IEEE power system with in formation on some electric vehicles and daily load in the power system of Peru. The results obtained in the power system with distributed generation, the absence of unserved power, corroborate the success of the methodology used. This model provides tools to both distribution network operators and power system planners, reducing the impact on the power system of electric vehicles and providing a methodol ogy applicable to other electric distribution systems with uncontrolled loads

Análisis comparativo de los modelos dinámicos de una turbina eólica de velocidad fija

En este artículo, se presenta un análisis comparativo del comportamiento dinámico de los modelos reducido y completo de una turbina eólica de velocidad fija. La herramienta informática utilizada en la realización de simulaciones es la plataforma Simulink/Matlab. El principal objetivo de este estudio es demostrar la influencia del flujo del estator y del acoplamiento mecánico en la respuesta transitoria de las turbinas eólicas de velocidad fija. Asimismo, se ha analizado la influencia en el comportamiento dinámico de otros parámetros característicos de la turbina eólica, como la potencia reactiva aportada por la batería de condensadores y la inercia del generador y de las palas del rotor eólico. // In this article, a comparative analysis of the dynamic behavior of reduced and full of a wind turbine fixed speed models are presented. The tool used in performing simulations is the Simulink/Matlab platform. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the influence of the stator flux and the mechanical coupling of fixed speed wind turbine dynamic response. It has also analyzed the influence on the dynamic behavior of other characteristic parameters of the wind turbine, such as reactive power supplied by the capacitor bank and the inertia of the generator and wind rotor blades

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe